Formation of singularities of spherically symmetric solutions to the 3D compressible Euler equations and Euler-Poisson equations (Q1729865)

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Formation of singularities of spherically symmetric solutions to the 3D compressible Euler equations and Euler-Poisson equations
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    Formation of singularities of spherically symmetric solutions to the 3D compressible Euler equations and Euler-Poisson equations (English)
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    28 February 2019
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    The authors analyze the formation in finite time of singularities for solutions to the Euler equations for compressible fluids. They start with the Euler equations for an isentropic ideal fluid $\partial_{t}\rho + div (\rho u)=0$, $\partial_{t}(\rho u)+ div \rho (u\otimes u)+\nabla p=0$. They also consider the Euler-Poisson equations $\partial_{t}\rho + div (\rho u)=0$, $\partial_{t}(\rho u)+ div \rho (u\otimes u)+\nabla p=\pm \nabla G\ast \rho $, where $G$ is Green's function, the sign $+$ corresponds to electrostatic forces and the sign $-$ to gravitational forces. Introducing $s(\rho )=\sqrt{p_{\rho}(\rho )}$ and $\zeta =\frac{2}{\gamma -1}s(\rho)$, where $\gamma$ is an adiabatic index greater than 1, the authors rewrite the above Euler-Poisson problem in a matrix form for $V=\begin{pmatrix}\zeta \\ u \end{pmatrix}$. They introduce the total mass $M=\int_{\mathbb{R}^{3}}\rho dx$, the partial energy $\mathcal{E}(t)=\sum_{k=0}^{3}\left\Vert V^{(k)}(t,\cdot )\right\Vert_{L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{3})}^{2}$ and the total energy $E_{\delta}(t)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^{3}}(\frac{1}{2}\rho u^{2}+\frac{1}{\gamma -1}\rho^{\gamma}-\frac{\delta}{2}\rho G\ast \rho )dx$. \par The authors first prove the existence of a local-in-time solution $$(\rho,u)\in C([0,T];H^{3}( \mathbb{R}^{3}))\cap C^{1}([0,T];H^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{3}))$$ with $\rho \geq 0$, which starts from $(\rho_{0},u_{0})$ and preserves the total mass and the energy, first to the Euler equations for an isentropic ideal fluid and assuming $1\gamma \leq 5/3$, then for the Euler-Poisson problem here assuming $1\leq \gamma \leq 5/3$. In the first case, the lifespan $T^{\ast}$ satisfies $T^{\ast}\gtrsim \mathcal{E}^{-1/2}(0)$ while in the second case this lifespan satisfies $T^{\ast}\gtrsim \max \{\mathcal{E}^{-1/2}(0), \mathcal{E}^{\frac{\gamma -3}{2(\gamma -1)}}(0)\}$. For the analysis of the singularities, the authors consider the case of spherically symmetric solutions. They rewrite the Euler and Euler-Poisson equations according to this symmetry. They assume $\rho (t,0)=0=v(t,0)$ and they introduce the weighted total radial velocity $F(t)=-\int_{0}^{\infty}v(t,r)\exp (-r)dr$. \par A first main result proves that if $\rho_{0}(0)=0$ and $F(0)0$ the lifespan $T^{\ast}$ of the classical solution to the Euler equations satisfies $T^{\ast}\leq \frac{2}{F(0)}$. In the case of the Euler-Poisson equations with $\delta =-1$ (gravitational forces), a similar result holds. In the case of the Euler-Poisson equations with $\delta =1$ (electrostatic forces), the lifespan $T^{\ast}$ of the classical solution to the Euler equations satisfies $T^{\ast}\leq \frac{4}{F(0)}$ under stronger hypotheses on the initial data. The proof of these results is essentially based on the analysis of the differential equation satisfied by $F$. \par The paper ends with examples obtained when considering the case $(\rho_{0},u_{0})=(\varepsilon^{\frac{2}{\gamma -1}}\varrho,\varepsilon w)$ and $ \rho_{0}(0)=0$, $F(0)0$. The authors here prove that $T^{\ast}=\frac{1}{ \varepsilon}$ for the Euler equations and for the Euler-Poisson equations with gravitational forces.
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    compressible fluid
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    isentropic ideal fluid
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    Euler equation
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    Euler-Poisson equations
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    local-in-time solution
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    singularity
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    spherically symmetric solution
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    weighted radial velocity
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    lifespan
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