Existence of globally attracting almost automorphic solutions to some nonautonomous higher-order difference equations (Q2444245)

Consider \((X,\|\cdot\|)\) a Banach space and \((l^\infty(\mathbb{Z}),\|\cdot\|_\infty)\) the Banach space of bounded \(X\)-valued sequences with the norm \(\| x\|_\infty= \sup_{t\in\mathbb{Z}}\| x(t)\|\) for each \(x= (x(t))_{t\in\mathbb{Z}}\in l^\infty(\mathbb{Z})\). An \(X\)-valued sequence \(x= (x(t))_{t\in\mathbb{Z}}\) is called almost automorphic if for every sequence \((h'(n))_{n\in\mathbb{Z}}\) in \(\mathbb{Z}\) there exists a subsequence \((h(n))_{n\in\mathbb{Z}}\) in \(\mathbb{Z}\) such that \[ (\forall t\in\mathbb{Z}) \Biggl(\Biggl(\exists y(t)= \lim_{n\to+\infty} x(t+ h(n))\Biggr)\wedge \Biggl(\lim_{n\to+\infty} y(t- h(n))= x(t)\Biggr)\Biggr). \] Denote \((AA(\mathbb{Z}),\|\cdot\|)\) the Banach space of almost automorphic \(X\)-valued sequences on \(\mathbb{Z}\), equipped with the norm sup defined above. A sequence of functions \(F: (t,u)\in \mathbb{Z}\times X\mapsto F(t,u)\in X\) is called almost automorphic if for every sequence \((h'(n))_{n\in\mathbb{Z}}\) in \(\mathbb{Z}\) there exists a subsequence \((h(n))_{n\in\mathbb{Z}}\) in \(\mathbb{Z}\) such that \[ (\forall(t, x)\in\mathbb{Z}\times B) \Biggl(\Biggl(\exists G(t, x)=\lim_{n\to +\infty} F(t+ h(n,x))\Biggr)\wedge \Biggl(\lim_{n\to +\infty} G(t- h(n), x)= F(t,x)\Biggr)\Biggr), \] where \(B\) is an arbitrary bounded subset of \(X\). The author proves the following results: (I) If \(B\) is an arbitrary bounded subset of \(X\), \(f:(t,u)\in \mathbb{Z}\times X\mapsto f(t,u)\in X\) is almost automorphic in \(t\in\mathbb{Z}\), uniformly in \(u\in X\), and Lipschitz in \(x\in X\), uniformly in \(t\in\mathbb{Z}\), then for every \(X\)-valued almost automorphic sequence \(x= (x(t))_{t\in\mathbb{Z}}\), the \(X\)-valued sequence \((f(t,x(t)))_{t\in\mathbb{Z}}\) ist almost automorphic. (II) If \(f: \mathbb{Z}\times X\to X\) is an almost automorphic sequence, \(K\) is a bounded set of \(X\) and \(u\mapsto f(t,u)\) is uniformly continuous on \(K\), uniformly for \(t\in\mathbb{Z}\), then \(F:\mathbb{Z}\to X\), defined by \(F(.)= f(.,x(.))\) for every \(x\in AA(\mathbb{Z})\), belongs to \(AA(\mathbb{Z})\). Denote by \(N(\mathbb{Z}_+)\) the set of the bounded \(X\)-valued sequences \(y= (y(t))_{t\in\mathbb{Z}}\) such that \(\lim_{t\to+\infty}\| y(t)\|= 0\). The author studies the existence of globally attracting almost automorphic solutions to the class of higher-order nonautonomous difference equations \[ x(t+n)+ \sum^{n-1}_{r=1} A_r(t) x(t+ r)+ A_0(t) x(t)= f(t,x),\quad t\in\mathbb{Z}_+,\tag{1} \] where \(A_r(t): X\to X\), \(0\leq r\leq n-1\), are sequences of bounded linear operators on the Banach space \(X\) and \(f: \mathbb{Z}\times X\to X\) is almost automorphic. The author rewrites the equation (1) as a first-order nonautonomous system of difference equations on \(X\), setting \[ z= (x(t), x(t+ 1),\dots, x(t+ n-1))^T, \] where the symbol \(T\) stands for the transpose operation and (1) can be written in \(X^n\) in the following form \[ z(t+ 1)={\mathcal A}(t) z(t)+ F(t,z(t)),\quad t\in\mathbb{Z},\tag{2} \] where \({\mathcal A}(t)\) is the family of time-dependent sequence matrices defined in the paper and \[ F(t,z)= (0,0,\dots, 0,f(t,x))^T,\quad t\in\mathbb{Z}. \] The author proves that if {\parindent=8mm\begin{itemize}\item[(H] \(t\mapsto{\mathcal A}(t)\) is almost automorphic,\item[(H] the function \((t,w)\mapsto f(t,w)\) is Lipschitz in \(w\in X\), uniformly in \(t\in\mathbb{Z}\), and \((t,w)\mapsto f(t,w)\) is almost automorphic in \(t\in\mathbb{Z}\), uniformly in \(w\in B\), where \(B\subseteq X\) is an arbitrary bounded set and \(x(t)= u(t)+ v(t)\), \(t\in\mathbb{Z}\), is a solution of (2), \end{itemize}} then \((u(t))_{t\in\mathbb{Z}}\) is a solution of (2), where \(u= (u(t))_{t\in\mathbb{Z}}\in AA(\mathbb{Z})\) and \(v= (v(t))_{t\in\mathbb{Z}}\in N(\mathbb{Z}_+)\). Let \((B(X),\|\cdot\|)\) be the Banach algebra of bounded linear operators on \(X\) and \(({\mathcal A}(t))_{t\in\mathbb{Z}}\) the family of bounded linear operators on \(X\). Consider the first-order system of difference equations given by \[ z'(t)={\mathcal A}(t)z(t)+ g(t),\quad t\in\mathbb{Z},\tag{3} \] and its corresponding homogeneous equation \[ z'(t)={\mathcal A}(t) z(t),\quad t\in\mathbb{Z},\tag{4} \] where \(g: \mathbb{Z}\to X\). -- The evolution family \(X(t,s)\) associated with Equation (4) is given by \[ X(t,s)= \prod^{t-1}_{r=s}{\mathcal A}(r),\quad (t,s)\in\mathbb{Z}^2,\quad t> s, \] and \(X(t,t)= I\) the identity operator of \(X\). Equation (4) is said to have a regular discrete dichotomy if there exist projections \(P(t)\in B(X)\), \(t\in\mathbb{Z}\), and constants \(M> 0\), \(\beta\in(0,1)\), such that: (i) \({\mathcal A}(t) P(t)= P(t+ 1){\mathcal A}(t)\), (ii) the matrix \({\mathcal A}(t)|_{R(I-P(t))}\) is an isomorphism from \(R(I- P(t))\) on \(R(I- P(t+ 1))\), (iii) \((\forall(r,t,x)\in \mathbb{Z}^2\times X) (r\leq t) (\| X(t,r) P(r)x\|\leq M\beta^{t-r}\| x\|)\), (iv) \((\forall(r,t,x)\in \mathbb{Z}^2\times X) (r\leq t) (\| X(t,x) (I- P(t)) x\|\leq M\beta^{t-r}\| x\|)\). The author proves the main results: (III) If the Equation (4) has discrete dichotomy, (H\(_1\)) and (H\(_2\)) hold and {\parindent=8mm\begin{itemize}\item[(H] \(g:\mathbb{Z}\to X\) is almost automorphic \end{itemize}} holds, then Equation (2) has a unique almost automorphic solution given by \[ z(t)= \sum^{t-1}_{r=-\infty} X(t,r+1) P(r+1) g(r)- \sum^{+\infty}_{r=t} X(t, r+1) (I- P(r+ 1))\,g(r), \] where \(X(t,r) P(r)= 0\) for \(r> t\) and \(g(r)= 0\) for \(r<0\). (IV) If (H\(_1\)), (H\(_2\)), (H\(_3\)) hold and {\parindent=8mm\begin{itemize}\item[(H] \((t,w)\mapsto f(t,w)\) is almost automorphic in \(t\in\mathbb{Z}\), uniformly in \(w\in B\), where \(B\subseteq X^n\) is an arbitrary bounded subset \end{itemize}} holds and the zero solution of the Equation (4) is uniformly asymptotically stable, then the Equation (2) has a unique globally asymptotically stable almost automorphic solution given by \[ z(t)= \sum_{r=-\infty}^{t-1} X(t, r+1) P(r+1) F(r,z(r))- \sum^{+\infty}_{r=t} X(t,r+1) Q(r+1) F(r,z(r)). \]