Riesz-Jacobi transforms as principal value integrals (Q301572)

The main results of the paper, Theorems 2.2--4, establish integral representations for the \textit{Riesz-Jacobi transforms} of arbitrary order associated to the one-dimensional expansions related to the \textit{normalized trigonometric Jacobi polynomials} \[ \mathcal P^{\alpha,\beta}_n(\theta)=c^{\alpha,\beta}_nP^{\alpha,\beta}_n(\cos \theta),\qquad \theta\in(0,\pi). \] Here \(c^{\alpha,\beta}_n\) are normalizing constants, \(P^{\alpha,\beta}_n\), \(n\geq0\), are the classical Jacobi polynomials and \(\alpha,\beta>-1\). The system \(\{\mathcal P^{\alpha,\beta}_n: n\geq0\}\) is an orthonormal basis in \(L^2(d\mu_{\alpha,\beta})\), where \(\mu_{\alpha,\beta}\) denotes the measure \[ d\mu_{\alpha,\beta}(\theta)=(\sin(\theta/2))^{2\alpha+1}(\cos(\theta/2))^{2\beta+1}\,d\theta \] on the interval \((0,\pi)\). The Riesz-Jacobi transform \(R_N^{\alpha,\beta}\) of order \(N\geq1\) is formally defined as \(R_N^{\alpha,\beta}=\partial^N\circ (\mathcal J^{\alpha,\beta})^{-N/2}\), where \(\mathcal J^{\alpha,\beta}=\delta^*\delta+\big(\frac{\alpha+\;beta+1}2\big)^2\) plays the role of a `Laplacian'. Here \(\delta=\partial\) is the usual derivative and \(\delta^*\) is its formal adjoint in \(L^2(d\mu_{\alpha,\beta})\). If \(\partial^N\) in the above definition is replaced by \(D^N=\ldots\delta^*\delta\delta^*\delta\) (\(N\) components) then another variant, \(\mathcal R_N^{\alpha,\beta}\), is considered. These formal definitions are then turned into strict ones and give bounded linear operators on \(L^2(d\mu_{\alpha,\beta})\). For \(\alpha=\beta=-1/2\) we have \(\mathcal P^{-1/2,-1/2}_0(\theta)=(1/\pi)^{1/2}\) and \(\mathcal P^{-1/2,-1/2}_n(\theta)=(2/\pi)^{1/2}\cos (n\theta)\) for \(n\geq1\), and \(R_1^{\alpha,\beta}\) is, up to the sign, the classic conjugacy operator \(\cos(n\theta)\mapsto\sin(n\theta)\), \(n=0,1,\ldots\), acting on \(L^2(0,\pi)\). In the reviewed paper, it is proved that the Riesz-Jacobi transforms of odd orders are expressed as principal value integrals with kernels having non-integrable singularities along the diagonal, while the Riesz-Jacobi transforms of even orders are not singular operators and they are given as usual integral operators with integrable kernels plus or minus the identity operator (depending on the order). Finally, it is worth mentioning that in the introductory chapter of the paper the authors indicate that integral representations for higher order Riesz transforms, analogous to these for Jacobi expansions, are true in many other contexts including (discrete) Hermite and Laguerre expansions and (continuous) Fourier-Bessel expansions. The authors also point out several incorrect results or omissions scattered in the literature that concern integral representations of higher order Riesz transforms in different contexts of orthogonal expansions.