Complete synchronization of Kuramoto oscillators with finite inertia (Q617530)

The paper deals with the Kuramoto model of coupled oscillators with inertia of the following form \[ m\theta_i'' + \theta_i' = \Omega_i +\frac{K}{N}\;\sum_{j=1}^{N} \sin (\theta_j-\theta_i),\quad i=1,\dots,N, \] where \(m\) is the strength of inertia, \(K\) is the coupling, and \(\Omega_i\) are the natural frequencies of oscillators. For given inertia, coupling, and frequency distribution, the authors indicate those initial conditions \((\theta_i(0),\theta_i'(0))\) which asymptotically lead to complete synchronization, i.e., \(|\theta_i(t)-\theta_j(t)|\to 0\) or/and \(|\theta_i'(t)-\theta_j'(t)|\to 0\) for \(t\to \infty\) and all \(i,j\). For this, they identify flow-invariant regions in the phase space. As an intermediate result, the so called second-order Gronwall inequalities are obtained, which give bounds for solutions of the inequality \(ay''+by'+cy+d\leq 0\).