Liapunov-type inequalities for third-order half-linear equations and applications to boundary value problems (Q743866)

This interesting paper deals with Liapunov-type inequalities for third-order half-linear differential equations of the form \[ \big(\phi_{\alpha_2}\big((\phi_{\alpha_1}(x'))'\big)\big)'+q(t)\phi_{\alpha_1\alpha_2}(x)=0.\tag{\(*\)} \] Here, \(\phi_{p}(x):=|x|^{p-1}x\) and \(\alpha_1, \alpha_2\) are positive real numbers. Theorem 2.1 of the paper states as follows: Let \(-\infty<a<b<+\infty.\) Assume that \(x(t)\) is a solution of \((*)\) with \(x(a)=x(b)=0\) and \(x(t)\neq 0\) for all \(t\in(a,b).\) If there is some \(\xi\in(a,b)\) such that \((\phi_{\alpha_1}(x'))'(\xi)=0,\) then \[ \int_a^{\xi}q_-(s)ds+\int_{\xi}^bq_+(s)ds>\Big(\frac{2}{b-a}\Big)^{\alpha}, \] where \(\alpha:=(\alpha_1+1)\alpha_2.\) Also, Theorem 2.2 says that if a solution of \((*)\) vanishes at some points \(a<b<c,\) then it holds either \[ \max_{\xi\in[a,b]}\Big(\int_a^{\xi}q_-(s)ds+\int_{\xi}^bq_+(s)ds\Big)>\Big(\frac{2}{b-a}\Big)^{\alpha} \] or \[ \max_{\xi\in[b,c]}\Big(\int_b^{\xi}q_-(s)ds+\int_{\xi}^cq_+(s)ds\Big)>\Big(\frac{2}{c-b}\Big)^{\alpha}. \] Some corollaries of these results concerning oscillation of the solutions are, also, given. Sections 2.2 and 2.3 are devoted to some generalization of these results to a more general form and to the linear case, too: \(x'''+q(t)x(t)=0.\) In the last section the results are applied to nonexistence of solutions of \((*)\) satisfying the boundary conditions \(x(a)=x(b)=x(c)=0\), as well as of some more specific BVPs.