A generalisation of the lower radical class
Let \(\mathbb{A}\) denote the class of all associative rings. A subring \(B\) of a ring \(A\) is called an accessible subring of \(A\) if there exists a finite sequence \(C_1,C_2,\ldots,C_n\) of subrings such that \(B=C_1\triangleleft C_2\triangleleft\cdots\triangleleft C_n=A\). Let \({\mathfrak L}_b({\mathcal X})=\{A\in\mathbb{A}\mid\) every nonzero homomorphic image of \(A\) has a nonzero accessible subring in \({\mathcal X}\}\). We call \({\mathfrak L}_b({\mathcal X})\) the base radical class determined by \(\mathcal X\). When \(\mathcal X\) is homomorphically closed, then \({\mathfrak L}_b({\mathcal X})\) will be the lower radical class determined by \(\mathcal X\). The author shows that for any class of rings \(\mathcal X\), \({\mathfrak L}_b({\mathcal X})\) is a radical class. Define the upper radical operator \(U\) acting on an arbitrary class \(M\) by \(U(M)=\{A\in\mathbb{A}\mid A\) has no nonzero homomorphic image in \(M\}\). For any regular class, \(\mathcal X\), let \(\neg\overline A\) denote the class of rings that are not in the semisimple closure of \(\mathcal X\). The author proves that \(U({\mathcal X})={\mathfrak L}_b(\neg\overline{\mathcal X})\).
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