A geometric approach to generalized Stokes conjectures
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Abstract: We consider Stokes' conjecture concerning the shape of the extremal two-dimensional water wave. By new geometric methods including a nonlinear frequency formula, we prove Stokes' conjecture in the original variables. Our results do not rely on structural assumptions needed in previous results such as isolated singularities, symmetry and monotonicity. Part of our results extends to the mathematical problem in higher dimensions.
Consider a 2-dimensional inviscid incompressible fluid acted on by gravity and with a free surface. The problem describes both water waves, in which case the authors add homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions on a flat horizontal bottom \(y=-d\) combined with periodicity in the \(x=\pm \infty\), and the equally physical problem of the equilibrium state of a fluid when pumping in water from one lateral boundary and sucking it out at the lateral boundary. Reduce the wave motion to steady motion by superposing a velocity equal and opposite to that of propagation. Then a particle at the surface may be thought of as gliding along a fixed smooth curve: this follows directly from physical considerations, or from the ordinary equation of steady motion. On arriving at a crest the particle must momentarily abe t rest, and on passing it must be ultimately in the condition of a particle starting from rest down an inclined or vertical plane. Hence the velocity must vary ultimately as the square root of the distance from the crest.
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