A note on general semi-projective modules
Let \(R\) be an associative ring, \(M\) a unital \(R\)-module and \(S\) the ring of endomorphisms of \(M\). The \(R\)-module \(M\) is said to be semi-projective if, for any submodule \(N\) of \(M\), every epimorphism \(f : M \rightarrow N\) and every homomorphism \(g: M \rightarrow N\), there exists an endomorphism \(h\) of \(M\) such that \(fh = g \ \) [\textit{R. Wisbauer}, Foundations of module and ring theory. A handbook for study and research. Revised and updated Engl. ed. Philadelphia etc.: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers (1991; Zbl 0746.16001)]. In the paper under review, generalizations of semi-projective modules are defined and studied. For \(\alpha \in S\), let \(D(\alpha) = \{ s \in S \ | \ \mathrm{Im}(s) \leq \alpha(M)\}\). Then \(D(\alpha)\) is a right ideal of \(S\). A module \(M\) is called almost semi-projective (AS-projective) if for each \(\alpha \in S\) there exists a submodule \(X_{\alpha}\) of \(S_{S}\) such that \(D(\alpha) = \alpha S \oplus X_{\alpha}\). The module \(M\) is said to be almost general semi-projective (AGS-projective) if for each nonzero endomorphism \(\alpha\) of \(M\), there exist a positive integer \(n\) and a submodule \(X_{\alpha}\) of \(S_{S}\) such that \(\alpha^{n} \neq 0\) and \(D(\alpha^{n}) = \alpha^{n}S \oplus X_{\alpha}.\)\N\N\NRecall that a right \(R\)-module \(M\) is said to be hollow if every proper submodule is a small submodule of \(M\). If a nonzero element \(h\) of \(S\) has the property that \(\mathrm{Im}(h)\) is a hollow submodule of \(M\), then we say that \(h\) is a right hollow element of \(S\). For a right hollow element \(h\) of \(S\), we let \(M_{h}=\{ s \in S \ | \ \mathrm{Im}(s) + \mathrm{Ker}(h) \neq M\}.\) This set is a proper right ideal of \(S\). A right \(R\)-module \(M\) is called coretractable if \(\mathrm{Hom} (M/K, M) \neq 0\) for any proper submodule \(K\) of \(M\). The main theorem regarding almost semi-projective modules states that for a coretractable AS-projective right \(R\) module with finite dimension and an index set \(\{X_{\alpha} \ | \ \alpha \in S\}\) of ideals of \(S\) such that \(X_{\alpha\beta} = X_{\beta\alpha}\) we have that (1) every maximal ideal of \(R\) has the form \(M_{n}\) for some right hollow element \(h\) of \(S\), and (2) \(S\) is semilocal. On the other hand, it is shown that a right \(R\)-module \(M\) is AGS-projective and \(\alpha(M)\) is a direct summand of \(S\) for all endomorphisms \(\alpha\) of \(M\) if and only if \(S\) is a von Neumannn regular ring. The final theorem proves that every \(R\)-module is AS-projective if and only if every \(R\)-module is AGS-projective if and only if \(R\) is semisimple.
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