A smooth complex rational affine surface with uncountably many real forms
A real form of a real algebraic variety \(X\) is a real algebraic variety \(Y\) whose complexification is isomorphic to that of \(X\). Up until recently, it was known that many families of complex varieties have a finite number of non-isomorphic real forms. The first example of a smooth complex projective variety of dimension 6 with infinitely many non-isomorphic real forms was discovered by \textit{J. Lesieutre} [Invent. Math. 212, No. 1, 189--211 (2018; Zbl 1393.14012)]. His construction inspired those of many new families of examples in any dimension greater than or equal to 2, including in particular smooth projective rational surfaces, see e.g. \textit{T.-C. Dinh} et al. [J. Reine Angew. Math. 794, 267--280 (2023; Zbl 1504.14077)].\N\NOn the other hand, it is known by a result of \textit{T. L. Labinet} [C. R., Math., Acad. Sci. Paris 361, 863--867 (2023; Zbl 1530.14078)] that all real projective varieties admit at most countably infinitely many real forms, a property which actually holds more generally for any real algebraic variety whose automorphism group functor is representable by a group scheme locally of finite type.\N\NThis prompts the question of existence of real algebraic varieties whose complexifications have non-representable automorphism group functors and which admit uncountably many pairwise non-isomorphic real forms. The article under review answers this natural problem in the affirmative by constructing the very first example of a 1-dimensional algebraic family \(\rho:\mathcal{X}\to\mathbb{A}_{\mathbb{R}}^{1}\setminus\{0,1\}\) of surfaces whose real fibers are pairwise non-isomorphic smooth affine real rational surfaces whose complexifications are all isomorphic to so-called Gizatullin surfaces [\textit{M. H. Gizatullin} and \textit{V. I. Danilov}, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 39, 533--565 (1975; Zbl 0311.14002)].
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