A systematic study of two-dimensional 2-layer canard cycles
Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds, Hilbert's 16th problem and ramifications) for ordinary differential equations (34C07) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Singular perturbations for ordinary differential equations (34E15) Canard solutions to ordinary differential equations (34E17)
On a smooth surface \(M\) consider a slow-fast system \(X_{\varepsilon,\eta}\) of the form\N\[\NX_{\varepsilon,\eta}=X_{0,\eta}+\varepsilon Q_\eta+O(\varepsilon^2),\N\]\Nwith the \(\eta\)-family of vector fields \(X_{0,\eta}\) having a set \(\mathcal{S}_\eta\) of singularities, called the \emph{critical set}.\N\NIn this paper the authors make a full study of the most generic cases of all types of canard cycles of \(X_{\varepsilon,\eta}\) having two layers of fast orbits. The paper has two main results.\N\NThe first is a compilation of many technical results which together provide a significant characterization of \(\mathcal{S}_\eta\) and its singularities.\N\NIn the second they provide a upper bound for the cyclicity of \(X_{\varepsilon,\eta}\), in terms of its codimension.\N\NIt is know from previous results in the literature that there are five non-equivalent classes of the canard cycles studied in this paper. Hence, at the end of the paper the authors apply their results in these five classes, obtaining explicitly upper bounds for the cyclicity of \(X_{\varepsilon,\eta}\) in some cases.\N\NThis article is quite technical, and thus it is rather difficult to give a clear and precise description of the main results.\N\NMoreover the authors suggest (and this reviewer highly agree) the reader to have a look at the book [\textit{P. De Maesschalck} et al., Canard cycles. From birth to transition. Cham: Springer (2022; Zbl 1515.34002)] for the precise definitions of the objects that shall be worked with.\N\NIn addition to that, this reviewer also suggest the reader to have a look at the paper [\textit{P. De Maesschalck} et al., Regul. Chaotic Dyn. 28, No. 4--5, 763--780 (2023; Zbl 1524.34139)], as its figures provide a clear illustration of the notions of \textit{terminal and dodging layers}, \textit{jump and Hopf points}, \textit{attracting and repelling sequences}, \textit{canard connections}, \textit{layer} of fast orbits, \textit{transition maps}, \textit{FS and SF-passages}, \textit{orientation} of layers and many other definitions and objects heavily used in the paper under review.
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