A typical number is extremely non-normal

Abstract: Fix a positive integer

N g e q 2

. For a real number

x i n [0, 1]

and a digit

i i n 0, 1, ..., N - 1

, let

P i_{i} (x, n)

denote the frequency of the digit

i

among the first

n

N

-adic digits of

x

. It is well-known that for a typical (in the sense of Baire)

x i n [0, 1]

, the frequencies diverge as

n i g h t a r r o w i n f t y

. In this paper we provide a substantial strengthening of this result. Namely, we show that for a typical

x i n [0, 1]

any regular linear average of the sequence

(P i_{i} (x, n))_{n}

also diverges spectacularly.

Review text

Given \(N\geq 2\), a result of \textit{L. Olsen} [Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 137, No. 1, 43--53 (2004; Zbl 1128.11038)] states that for a residual set of \(x\in [0,1]\) the set of digit frequencies in base \(N\) diverges. In fact for a residual set of \(x\), every element of the simplex \[ \Delta_N:=\left\{(p_0,\ldots,p_{N-1}): p_i\geq 0,\, \sum_{i=0}^{N-1}p_i=1\right\}, \] is an accumulation point for the digit frequencies of \(x\). In this paper the author proves a generalisation of this result which considers the so called ``\(T\)-averaged version of the vector of digit frequencies. Here \(T\) is an \(\mathbb{N}\times\mathbb{N}\) real valued matrix.

Recommendations

Cites work

Cited in

(3)

This page was built for publication: A typical number is extremely non-normal

Report a bug (only for logged in users!)Click here to report a bug for this page (MaRDI item Q2146242)