Abel Basis of Root Functions of Regular Boundary Value Problems
Asymptotic expansions of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34E05) Eigenfunctions, eigenfunction expansions, completeness of eigenfunctions of ordinary differential operators (34L10) (Generalized) eigenfunction expansions of linear operators; rigged Hilbert spaces (47A70) General theory of ordinary differential operators (47E05)
Let \(A\) be an operator in a Hilbert space \(H\) with discrete spectrum. Let \((u_j)\) be the sequence of eigenvectors of \(A\) corresponding to the eigenvalue sequence \((\lambda_j)\). It is assumed that the eigenvalues \(\lambda_j\) lie in some angle \(| \text{arg }\lambda| <\theta\) and let \(\alpha>0\) be such that \(\alpha\theta<\frac\pi 2\). For \(u\in H\) let \(\sum_{j=1}^\infty c_ju_j\) be the formal Fourier series of \(u\). If for each \(u\in H\) and \(t>0\) the series \(\sum_{j=1}^\infty c_ju_je^{-\lambda_j^\alpha t}\) converges in parentheses to some \(u(t)\) (with parentheses independent of \(u\) and \(t\)) and if \(u(t)\to u\) in \(H\) as \(t\searrow 0\), then \(\{u_j\}\) is said to be an Abel basis of order \(\alpha\) in \(H\). The main result states the Abel basis property for the eigenvalue problem of the ordinary differential equation \[ \lambda u(x)+a(x)u^{(m)}(x)+Bu| _x=0,\quad x\in(0,1), \] with the boundary conditions \[ \lambda\left(\alpha_\nu u^{(m_\nu)}(0)+\beta_\nu u^{(m_\nu)}(1) +\sum_{i=1}^{N_\nu}\delta_{\nu i}u^{(m_\nu)}(x_{\nu i})+T_\nu u\right) +T_{\nu 0}u=0\text{ for }\nu=1,\dots,s, \] \[ \alpha_\nu u^{(m_\nu)}(0)+\beta_\nu u^{(m_\nu)}(1) +\sum_{i=1}^{N_\nu}\delta_{\nu i}u^{(m_\nu)}(x_{\nu i})+T_\nu u=0\text{ for }\nu=s+1,\dots,m, \] with \(m\geq 2\), \(a\) is a scalar function, \(B:W_2^m(0,1)\to L_2(0,1)\) is compact, \(x_{\nu i}\in (0,1)\), \(m_\nu\leq m-1\), \(\alpha_\nu\), \(\beta_\nu\), \(\delta_\nu\) are complex numbers, \(T_\nu\) and \(T_{\nu 0}\) are functionals in \(L_2(0,1)\). The actual assumptions and statements are too lengthy to be reproduced here. The important point is that the usual assumptions \(\text{arg }\omega_j(x)=\text{const}\) and \(\text{arg }(\omega_j(x)-\omega_k(x))=\text{const}\) for the roots of the characteristic equation are not needed.
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