Abelian Subgroups of Finitely Generated Kleinian Groups are Separable
3-orbifoldsAbelian subgroupsfundamental groupshyperbolic 3-manifoldsKleinian groupsLERF groupslocally extended residually finite groupsnumber fieldsrepresentation varietiesresidually finite groupsseparable subgroupssubgroups of finite index
Subgroup theorems; subgroup growth (20E07) Residual properties and generalizations; residually finite groups (20E26) Fuchsian groups and their generalizations (group-theoretic aspects) (20H10) Kleinian groups (aspects of compact Riemann surfaces and uniformization) (30F40) Fundamental group, presentations, free differential calculus (57M05) Topological methods in group theory (57M07) General geometric structures on low-dimensional manifolds (57M50)
A subgroup \(H\) of \(G\) is called separable in \(G\) if it is an intersection of finite-index subgroups of \(G\). This generalizes the well-known property of residual finiteness, which is the condition that the trivial subgroup is separable in \(G\). If every subgroup of \(G\) is separable in \(G\), then \(G\) is called locally extended residually finite, or LERF. Examples are known of fundamental groups of compact \(3\)-manifolds that are not LERF, but it is unknown whether fundamental groups of closed hyperbolic \(3\)-manifolds are LERF. The main result of the paper is that if \(\Gamma\) is the fundamental group of a hyperbolic \(3\)-orbifold, then abelian subgroups of \(\Gamma\) are separable in~\(\Gamma\). This was already known for maximal abelian subgroups. The proof combines algebraic and geometric methods. Using various results from \(3\)-dimensional topology and Kleinian group theory, the authors reduce to the case when \(\Gamma\) is torsion-free and geometrically finite, the trace field of \(\Gamma\) is a number field, and every parabolic element of \(\Gamma\) is contained in a subgroup isomorphic to \(\mathbb{Z}\oplus\mathbb{Z}\). There are then two cases, one when the abelian subgroup is cyclic generated by a loxodromic element, and one when it is contained in a \(\mathbb{Z}\oplus\mathbb{Z}\) parabolic subgroup. For the first case, methods of algebraic number theory are used to show that if \(\beta\), \(\beta_1,\ldots,\beta_j\) are elements of a number field, and \(\beta\) is not a root of unity, then for any positive integer \(m\) there is a ring homomorphism from \(\mathbb{Z}[\beta,\beta_1,\ldots,\beta_j]\) to a finite field \(F\), such that the multiplicative order of the image of \(\beta\) is divisible by \(m\). This implies that for any positive integer \(m\) and any \(\gamma\in\Gamma\), there exists a homomorphism from \(\Gamma\) to a finite group for which the order of the image of \(\gamma\) is divisible by \(m\), and the first case can be deduced from this. For the second case, the argument uses the representation variety of \(\Gamma\) and the fact that finitely generated subgroups of \(\text{PSL}(2,\mathbb{C})\) are residually finite.
- Classes of separable two-generator free subgroups of 3-manifold groups
- The Bianchi groups are separable on geometrically finite subgroups.
- Abelian subgroup separability of Haken 3-manifolds and closed hyperbolic n-orbifolds
- Double coset separability of abelian subgroups of hyperbolic n-orbifold groups
- Finite quotients of rings and applications to subgroup separability of linear groups
- Separation of relatively quasiconvex subgroups.
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