Almost isometric embedding between metric spaces

DOI10.1007/BF02773958MaRDI QIDQ2472736zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors S. Shelah, Menachem Kojman

Publication date 22 February 2008

Published in Israel Journal of Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0406530

zbMATH Keywords

\(\aleph_1\)-dense subsetalmost isometric embeddingalmost isometryUrysohn space

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Other combinatorial set theory (03E05) Consistency and independence results (03E35) Consistency and independence results in general topology (54A35) Metric spaces, metrizability (54E35)

Abstract: We investigate a relations of almost isometric embedding and almost isometry between metric spaces and prove that with respect to these relations: (1) There is a countable universal metric space. (2) There may exist fewer than continuum separable metric spaces on aleph_1 so that every separable metric space is almost isometrically embedded into one of them when the continuum hypothesis fails. (3) There is no collection of fewer than continuum metric spaces of cardinality aleph_2 so that every ultra-metric space of cardinality aleph_2 is almost isometrically embedded into one of them if aleph_2<2^{aleph_0}. We also prove that various spaces X satisfy that if a space X is almost isometric to X than Y is isometric to X.

Review text

This paper is dedicated to the investigation of two new relations of similarity which are quite close to isometry and isometric embedding but that do not preserve distances. Two metric spaces \(X\) and \(Y\) are almost isometric if for every \(\lambda >1\) there is a homeomorphism \(f: X\to Y\) such that \(f\) and \(f^{-1}\) are Lipschitz maps with constant \(\lambda\); the space \(X\) is almost isometrically embedded in \(Y\) if for every \(\lambda>1\) there is an injective map \(f: X\to Y\) such that \(f\) and \(f^{-1}\) are Lipschitz maps with constant \(\lambda\). It was known that any two countable dense subsets of \(\mathbb{R}^n\) are almost isometric and the authors extend this result to any two contable dense subsets of the Urysohn space \(\mathbb U\) (as a consequence, the space \(\mathbb U\) is almost isometry unique). The main results of the paper show: (1) in every separable Hilbert space and in \(\mathbb U\) there are \(2^{\aleph_0}\) many \(\aleph_1\)-dense subsets that are pairwise incomparable under almost isometric embedding; (2) let \(\lambda>\aleph_0\) be a regular cardinal; it is consistent that \(2^{\aleph_0}>\lambda^+\) and that there are \(\lambda^+\) separable metrics on \(\lambda\) such that every separable metric on \(\lambda\) is almost-isometrically embedded into one of them; (3) if \(\aleph_1<\lambda<2^{\aleph_0}\) and \(\lambda\) is a regular cardinal, then for every \(\kappa<2^{\aleph_0}\) and metric spaces \(\{(\lambda,d_i):i<\kappa \}\) there exists an ultra-metric space \((\lambda,d)\) that is not bi-Lipschitz embeddable into \((\lambda,d_i)\) for all \(i<\kappa\); in particular, there is no single metric space \((\lambda_2,d)\) into which every ultra-metric space of cardinality \(\lambda\) is bi-Lipschitz embedded. The paper also contains several other interesting results and open questions.

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Cited in

(12)

• Metric Baumgartner theorems and universality
• On almost isometric embedding from \(C(\Omega)\) into \(C_0(\Omega_0)\)
• Extension and reconstruction theorems for the Urysohn universal metric space.
• Extension of embeddings close to isometries or similarities
• Almost bi-Lipschitz embeddings and almost homogeneous sets
• TESTING EMBEDDABILITY BETWEEN METRIC SPACES
• Isometric embeddings and universality
• Tight embeddability of proper and stable metric spaces
• Almost isometric embeddings into configuration-compacta
• Homogeneity properties with isometries and Lipschitz functions
• Club guessing and the universal models
• Almost isometric flat spaces and perturbation-equivalence

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