Almost periodic factorization of certain block triangular matrix functions

Factorization of matrices (15A23) Classical almost periodic functions, mean periodic functions (42A75) Software, source code, etc. for problems pertaining to operator theory (47-04) Factorization theory (including Wiener-Hopf and spectral factorizations) of linear operators (47A68) Direct numerical methods for linear systems and matrix inversion (65F05)

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Let \(AP\) be the Bohr algebra of almost periodic functions. For \(f\in AP\) let \(\widehat{f}(\lambda)\) be the Fourier coefficient, and \(\Omega(f)\) denote the Fourier spectrum of \(f\). A function \(f\) belongs to \(AP_W\) if \(\sum_{\mu\in\Omega}|\widehat{f}(\mu)|<\infty\). Let \(AP^{\pm}=\{f\in AP\colon \Omega(f)\subset{\mathbb R}_{\pm}\}\) and \(AP^{\pm}_W=AP^{\pm}\cap AP_W\). For a matrix function \(f\), conditions \(f\in AP\), \(AP^{\pm}\), etc. are to be understood entrywise. An \(AP\) factorization of an \(n\) by \(n\) matrix function \(G\) is a representation of the form \[ G=G_+\Lambda G_-, \tag{1} \] where \(\Lambda(x)=\text{diag}[e^{i\lambda_1 x},\ldots,e^{i\lambda_n x}]\) and \[ G^{\pm 1}_+\in AP^+, \quad G^{\pm 1}_-\in AP^-. \tag{2} \] (1) is said to be an \(AP_W\) factorization of \(G\) if conditions (2) are replaced by \[ G^{\pm 1}_+\in AP^+_W, \quad G^{\pm 1}_-\in AP^-_W. \] Let \[ G(x)=\begin{pmatrix} e^{i\lambda x}I_m & 0 \\ c_1e^{-i\nu x}+c_0+c_1 e^{i\alpha x}& e^{-i\lambda x}I_m \end{pmatrix}, \] where \(c_j\) are \(m\) by \(m\) matrices, \(\alpha\), \(\nu>0\), and \(\alpha+\nu=\lambda\). The paper is mostly devoted to study the \(AP\) and \(AP_W\) factorizations of the function \(G\) in the case \(\alpha/\nu\) is irrational, \(c_0\) is not invertible, and the matrices \(c_j\) pairwise commute \((j=0,\pm 1)\). The complete description is obtained when \(m\leq 3\). Difficulties arising for \(m=4\) are explained, and a classification of both solved and unsolved cases is given. The supplement to the paper contains an explicit \(AP_W\) factorizations (1) for particular cases of the matrix \(G\). These factorizations were obtained using the symbolic computation program Maple.

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