An age-dependent population model and its operator

A partial differential equation for a single population model is proposed. The equation is nonlinear, and described by \[ (1)\quad \partial u/\partial t=-\partial u/\partial a-\mu (a)u- k(\int^{A}_{0}u(a,t)da),u, \] \[ u(0,t)=\int^{A}_{0}\beta (a)u(a,t)da,\quad u(a,0)=\phi (a). \] Here, u(a,t) indicates the density of individuals of age \(a\in [0,A]\) at time t, A being the highest age ever attained. The nonnegative functions \(\mu\) and \(\beta\) indicate the death rate and the birth rate, respectively. An operator T acting in \(L^ 1(0,A)\) is introduced as follows: \[ Tu=-du/da-\mu (a)u,\quad {\mathcal D}(T)=\{u\in L^ 1(0,A);\quad Tu\in L^ 1(0,A);\quad u(0)=\int^{A}_{0}\beta (a)u(a)da\}. \] Then equation (1) is considered as an evolution equation in \(L^ 1(0,A)\) with the leading coefficient operator T. The terms \(\int^{A}_{0}u da\) and \(\int^{A}_{0}\beta u da\) resemble ``observation signals in feedback controls. The resolvent \((\lambda -T)^{-1}\) is explicitly expressed via an elementary calculation. Examined are several properties of the operator T such as compactness of \((\lambda -T)^{-1}\) and existence of a unique real eigenvalue for T. It is shown that T is the infinitesimal generator of a \(C_ 0\)-semigroup \(E_ t\), \(t\geq 0\), via the Hille- Yosida theorem. Every nonnegative solution u to equation (1) with \(\phi\geq 0\) is then expressed in terms of \(E_ t\). According to the value of \[ \int^{A}_{0}\beta (a)\exp (-\int^{a}_{0}\mu d\tau)da\quad (\lessgtr 1), \] the stability and instability of the equilibrium of equation (1) are studied.

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