Arithmetical aspects of certain functional equations
The system of replicativity equations \[ {1\over n} \sum^{n-1}_{\nu=0} F\left({x+ \nu\over n} \right) =n^{-s} F(x) \leqno (1_n) \] was studied by many authors and in several ways. E. Artin investigated the case \(s=1\), \textit{J. Milnor} [Enseign. Math., II. Ser. 29, 281-322 (1983; Zbl 0557.10031)] characterized the continuous solutions \(F:(0,1) \to\mathbb{C}\) and their extensions to \(\mathbb{T}= \mathbb{R}/ \mathbb{Z}\) and \(\mathbb{R}^+\). \textit{M. F. Yoder} [Aequationes Math. 13, 251-261 (1975; Zbl 0333.39007)] replaced the functions \(n^{-s}\) of \((1_n)\) by the values \(g(n)\) of a generating function \(g:\mathbb{N} \to\mathbb{C}\). He showed that \((1_n)\) is nontrivially solvable only for a totally multiplicative function \(g\); continuous aperiodic solutions \(F:\mathbb{R}^+ \to\mathbb{C}\) exist in the case \(g(n)= n^{-s}\), \(s\in \mathbb{C}\), only. In an earlier paper [\textit{L. Lucht}, Aequationes Math. 53, 73-90 (1997; Zbl 0881.39021)], the author introduced the system \({\mathcal S}\) of extended replicativity equations \[ {1\over n} \sum^{n-1}_{\nu=0} F\left({x +\nu \over n}\right) = \sum^\infty_{d=1} \lambda_n (d)F(dx) \leqno (2_n) \] with fixed sequences \(\lambda_n: \mathbb{N}\to \mathbb{C}\). This concept leads to new results interrelating the theory of functional equations and the theory of arithmetic functions. In the first section the author considers integrable solutions \(F:\mathbb{T} \to\mathbb{C}\). There are nontrivial constant solutions iff \(\sum^\infty_{d=1} \lambda_n (d)=1\) holds for all natural numbers \(n\). Further the author derives necessary conditions for nonconstant solutions and determines their Fourier coefficients. Especially the recurrent sequences with these properties are investigated. The next sections are concerned with multiplicative resp. recurrent multiplicative generating functions. Finally the author deals with aperiodic solutions and difference equations.
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