Automorphisms of the modular curve

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Let \(p>5\) be a prime. The authors study the automorphism group of the curve \(X_l(p)\), reduction of the modular curve \(X(p)\) in characteristic \(l\) (with \(l \neq p\)). As \(\text{Aut}(X(p)) \simeq \text{PSL}_2(\mathbb{F}_p)\) one has \(\text{PSL}_2(\mathbb{F}_p) \subset \Aut(X_l(p))\) and a natural question is to ask if there is equality. It has been proved to be wrong for \(p=7,l=3\) by \textit{I. Kuribayashi} [Tsukuba J. Math. 6, 271--287 (1982; Zbl 0534.14017)] and for \(p=11,l=3\) by \textit{A. Adler} [Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., III. Ser. 74, No. 1, 1--28 (1997; Zbl 0899.11028)] and \textit{C. S. Rajan} [J. Ramanujan Math. Soc. 13, No. 1, 63--72 (1998; Zbl 0931.14016)]. On the contrary, for \(l>3\) and \(X_l(p)\) ordinary, the equality is proved in \textit{C. Ritzenthaler} [Manuscr. Math. 109, No. 1, 49--62 (2002; Zbl 1052.11043)]. In the present article, the authors give a definitive answer to the problem showing that the two cases above are the only exceptions. Note that the proof relies strongly on the classification of finite simple groups and that a similar result is given in a preprint for \(p\) composite. For the entire collection see [Zbl 1056.12001].











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