Band-passes and long virtual knot concordance

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Abstract: Every classical knot is band-pass equivalent to the unknot or the trefoil. The band-pass class of a knot is a concordance invariant. Every ribbon knot, for example, is band-pass equivalent to the unknot. Here we introduce the long virtual knot concordance group mathscrVC. It is shown that for every concordance class [K]inmathscrVC, there is a Jin[K] that is not band-pass equivalent to K and an Lin[K] that is not band-pass equivalent to either the long unknot or any long trefoil. This is accomplished by proving that v2,1+v2,2pmod2 is a band-pass invariant but not a concordance invariant of long virtual knots, where v2,1 and v2,2 generate the degree two Polyak group for long virtual knots.












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