Virtual knot theory

DOI10.1006/EUJC.1999.0314zbMATH Open0938.57006arXivmath/9811028OpenAlexW2156613167WikidataQ29028539 ScholiaQ29028539MaRDI QIDQ1817592FDOQ1817592

Louis Kauffman

Publication date: 22 June 2000

Published in: European Journal of Combinatorics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: Virtual knot theory is a generalization (discovered by the author in 1996) of knot theory to the study of all oriented Gauss codes. (Classical knot theory is a study of planar Gauss codes.) Graph theory studies non-planar graphs via graphical diagrams with virtual crossings. Virtual knot theory studies non-planar Gauss codes via knot diagrams with virtual crossings. This paper gives basic results and examples (such as non-trivial virtual knots with trivial Jones polynomial), studies fundamental group and quandles of virtual knots, extensions of the bracket and Jones polynomials, quantum link invariants with virtual framings, Vassiliev invariants and applications to knots in thickened surfaces.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/math/9811028

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zbMATH Keywords

Jones polynomialReidemeister movesquandle

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Cites Work

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Cited In (only showing first 100 items - show all)

• Tied monoids
• The center of the virtual braid group is trivial
• GENERA AND PERIODICITY OF VIRTUAL KNOTS AND LINKS
• Enumeration of rooted 4-regular maps without planar loops
• Varieties of representations of virtual knot groups in \(SL_2(\mathbb C)\)
• A lower bound for the crossing number of links in thickened surfaces
• The generalized Yamada polynomials of virtual spatial graphs
• Representations of virtual braids by automorphisms and virtual knot groups
• ON EXTENDED INVARIANTS OF VIRTUAL PSEUDO PRIME KNOTS
• Arrow calculus for welded and classical links
• Extensions of some classical local moves on knot diagrams
• Crossing changes, delta moves and sharp moves on welded knots
• A Markov's theorem for extended welded braids and links
• Multi-switches, representations of virtual braids, and invariants of virtual links
• NODAL PARITY INVARIANTS OF KNOTTED RIGID VERTEX GRAPHS
• On long knots in the full torus
• Writhe polynomials and shell moves for virtual knots and links
• Milnor invariants, \(2n\)-moves and \(V^n\)-moves for welded string links
• Generalized virtualization on welded links
• TACKLING THE TREFOILS
• An unknotting invariant for welded knots
• Low-dimensional representations of the three component loop braid group
• Link invariants derived from multiplexing of crossings
• The Dabkowski-Sahi invariant and 4-moves for links
• Computations of the slice genus of virtual knots
• Pure virtual braids, resonance, and formality
• QUANDLES AND LINKING NUMBER
• Virtual links with finite medial bikei
• Quantum invariants of knotoids
• Khovanov homology, Lee homology and a Rasmussen invariant for virtual knots
• A family of polynomial invariants for flat virtual knots
• Virtual and arrow Temperley–Lieb algebras, Markov traces, and virtual link invariants
• Representation of virtual braid groups to rook algebras and virtual links invariants
• Classification of genus 1 virtual knots having at most five classical crossings
• The homological arrow polynomial for virtual links
• On the unknotting number of a welded knot
• Linking polynomials of virtual string links
• Groups of virtual and welded links
• \(K(\pi,1)\) and word problems for infinite type Artin-Tits groups, and applications to virtual braid groups.
• Virtual Khovanov homology using cobordisms
• On virtual pathwidth of virtual graphs of a virtual link
• Finite-type invariants of order one of long and framed virtual knots
• THE CLASSIFICATION OF SPUN TORUS KNOTS
• NONALTERNATING KNOTS AND JONES POLYNOMIALS
• Knots Related by Knotoids
• Virtual quandle for links in Lens spaces
• Embeddings of Four-valent Framed Graphs into 2-surfaces
• RIBBON TORUS KNOTS PRESENTED BY VIRTUAL KNOTS WITH UP TO FOUR CROSSINGS
• A METHOD OF ENCODING GENERALIZED LINK DIAGRAMS
• Twist moves and the affine index polynomials of virtual knots
• Burnside groups and 𝑛-moves for links
• On the existence of real R-matrices for virtual link invariants
• Virtual braids, virtual Temperley-Lieb algebra and \(f\)-polynomial
• Planar diagrams for local invariants of graphs in surfaces
• On the Kauffman-Jones polynomial for virtual singular links
• Welded extensions and ribbon restrictions of diagrammatical moves
• On the virtual singular braid monoid
• Virtual link groups
• A linking number definition of the affine index polynomial and applications
• A note on coverings of virtual knots
• BIQUANDLES OF SMALL SIZE AND SOME INVARIANTS OF VIRTUAL AND WELDED KNOTS
• BIQUANDLES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO VIRTUAL KNOTS AND LINKS
• Virtual tribrackets
• Concordance group of virtual knots
• Virtually symmetric representations and marked Gauss diagrams
• PARITY, SKEIN POLYNOMIALS AND CATEGORIFICATION
• Categorical aspects of virtuality and self-distributivity.
• On the Pure Virtual Braid GroupPV₃
• Asymptotic laws for random knot diagrams
• On polynomial invariants of virtual links
• An index definition of parity mappings of a virtual link diagram and Vassiliev invariants of degree one
• THISTLETHWAITE'S THEOREM FOR VIRTUAL LINKS
• Free knots and groups
• A MULTI-VARIABLE POLYNOMIAL INVARIANT FOR UNORIENTED VIRTUAL KNOTS AND LINKS
• On traces of tensor representations of diagrams
• Cobordisms of free knots
• On the crossing numbers of a virtual knot
• Polynomial invariants and quandles of twisted links
• VIRTUAL KNOT DIAGRAMS AND THE WITTEN–RESHETIKHIN–TURAEV INVARIANT
• Virtual knot theory–-unsolved problems
• ALEXANDER GROUPS OF LONG VIRTUAL KNOTS
• MAGNETIC GRAPHS AND AN INVARIANT FOR VIRTUAL LINKS
• THE PARITY WRITHE POLYNOMIALS FOR VIRTUAL KNOTS AND FLAT VIRTUAL KNOTS
• THE VIRTUAL MAGNETIC KAUFFMAN BRACKET SKEIN MODULE AND SKEIN RELATIONS FOR THE f-POLYNOMIAL
• Yang–Baxter deformations and rack cohomology
• ABSTRACT LINK DIAGRAMS AND VIRTUAL KNOTS
• A MULTI-VARIABLE POLYNOMIAL INVARIANT FOR VIRTUAL KNOTS AND LINKS
• A METHOD FOR COMPUTING FAMILIES OF DISCRETE KNOTS USING KNOT NUMBERS
• An algorithm for generating a family of alternating knots
• Finite type invariants of w-knotted objects. II: Tangles, foams and the Kashiwara-Vergne problem
• Interlacement of double curves of immersed spheres
• Twisted link theory
• A polynomial invariant of virtual knots
• The polynomial invariants of twisted links
• Biquandles and virtual links
• Graph-links: nonrealizability, orientation, and Jones polynomial
• An invariant of knots in thickened surfaces
• On the combinatorics of smoothing
• An Orientation-Sensitive Vassiliev Invariant for Virtual Knots
• Detecting Non-Triviality of Virtual Links

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