Virtual knot theory

DOI10.1006/EUJC.1999.0314zbMATH Open0938.57006arXivmath/9811028OpenAlexW2156613167WikidataQ29028539 ScholiaQ29028539MaRDI QIDQ1817592FDOQ1817592

Louis Kauffman

Publication date: 22 June 2000

Published in: European Journal of Combinatorics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: Virtual knot theory is a generalization (discovered by the author in 1996) of knot theory to the study of all oriented Gauss codes. (Classical knot theory is a study of planar Gauss codes.) Graph theory studies non-planar graphs via graphical diagrams with virtual crossings. Virtual knot theory studies non-planar Gauss codes via knot diagrams with virtual crossings. This paper gives basic results and examples (such as non-trivial virtual knots with trivial Jones polynomial), studies fundamental group and quandles of virtual knots, extensions of the bracket and Jones polynomials, quantum link invariants with virtual framings, Vassiliev invariants and applications to knots in thickened surfaces.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/math/9811028

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zbMATH Keywords

Jones polynomialReidemeister movesquandle

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Cites Work

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• The braid-permutation group
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Cited In (only showing first 100 items - show all)

• Tied monoids
• The center of the virtual braid group is trivial
• GENERA AND PERIODICITY OF VIRTUAL KNOTS AND LINKS
• Enumeration of rooted 4-regular maps without planar loops
• Varieties of representations of virtual knot groups in \(SL_2(\mathbb C)\)
• A lower bound for the crossing number of links in thickened surfaces
• The generalized Yamada polynomials of virtual spatial graphs
• Representations of virtual braids by automorphisms and virtual knot groups
• ON EXTENDED INVARIANTS OF VIRTUAL PSEUDO PRIME KNOTS
• Arrow calculus for welded and classical links
• Extensions of some classical local moves on knot diagrams
• Crossing changes, delta moves and sharp moves on welded knots
• A Markov's theorem for extended welded braids and links
• Multi-switches, representations of virtual braids, and invariants of virtual links
• NODAL PARITY INVARIANTS OF KNOTTED RIGID VERTEX GRAPHS
• On long knots in the full torus
• Milnor invariants, \(2n\)-moves and \(V^n\)-moves for welded string links
• Generalized virtualization on welded links
• TACKLING THE TREFOILS
• An unknotting invariant for welded knots
• Low-dimensional representations of the three component loop braid group
• Link invariants derived from multiplexing of crossings
• The Dabkowski-Sahi invariant and 4-moves for links
• Computations of the slice genus of virtual knots
• Pure virtual braids, resonance, and formality
• QUANDLES AND LINKING NUMBER
• Virtual links with finite medial bikei
• Quantum invariants of knotoids
• Khovanov homology, Lee homology and a Rasmussen invariant for virtual knots
• A family of polynomial invariants for flat virtual knots
• Virtual and arrow Temperley–Lieb algebras, Markov traces, and virtual link invariants
• Representation of virtual braid groups to rook algebras and virtual links invariants
• Classification of genus 1 virtual knots having at most five classical crossings
• The homological arrow polynomial for virtual links
• On the unknotting number of a welded knot
• Linking polynomials of virtual string links
• Groups of virtual and welded links
• \(K(\pi,1)\) and word problems for infinite type Artin-Tits groups, and applications to virtual braid groups.
• Virtual Khovanov homology using cobordisms
• On virtual pathwidth of virtual graphs of a virtual link
• Finite-type invariants of order one of long and framed virtual knots
• THE CLASSIFICATION OF SPUN TORUS KNOTS
• NONALTERNATING KNOTS AND JONES POLYNOMIALS
• Knots Related by Knotoids
• Virtual quandle for links in Lens spaces
• Embeddings of Four-valent Framed Graphs into 2-surfaces
• RIBBON TORUS KNOTS PRESENTED BY VIRTUAL KNOTS WITH UP TO FOUR CROSSINGS
• A METHOD OF ENCODING GENERALIZED LINK DIAGRAMS
• Twist moves and the affine index polynomials of virtual knots
• Burnside groups and 𝑛-moves for links
• On the existence of real R-matrices for virtual link invariants
• Virtual braids, virtual Temperley-Lieb algebra and \(f\)-polynomial
• Planar diagrams for local invariants of graphs in surfaces
• On the Kauffman-Jones polynomial for virtual singular links
• Welded extensions and ribbon restrictions of diagrammatical moves
• On the virtual singular braid monoid
• Virtual link groups
• A linking number definition of the affine index polynomial and applications
• BIQUANDLES OF SMALL SIZE AND SOME INVARIANTS OF VIRTUAL AND WELDED KNOTS
• BIQUANDLES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO VIRTUAL KNOTS AND LINKS
• Virtual tribrackets
• Concordance group of virtual knots
• Quantum invariants of links and 3-manifolds with boundary defined via virtual links
• Virtually symmetric representations and marked Gauss diagrams
• PARITY, SKEIN POLYNOMIALS AND CATEGORIFICATION
• Categorical aspects of virtuality and self-distributivity.
• On the Pure Virtual Braid GroupPV₃
• Asymptotic laws for random knot diagrams
• Chord index for knots in thickened surfaces
• A geometric invariant of virtual \(n\)-links
• Kaestner brackets
• The affine index polynomial invariant of flat virtual knots
• ON COLORED QUANDLE LONGITUDES AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO TANGLE EMBEDDINGS AND VIRTUAL KNOTS
• The polynomials of prime virtual knots of genus 1 and complexity at most 5
• Injective labeled oriented trees are aspherical
• Virtual tangles and fiber functors
• AN ISOMORPHISM THEOREM FOR ALEXANDER BIQUANDLES
• Classification of virtual string links up to cobordism
• F-polynomials of tabulated virtual knots
• Writhe polynomials and shell moves for virtual knots and links
• Reidemeister moves in Gauss diagrams
• Linking invariants of even virtual links
• Compact and long virtual knots
• VIRTUAL HOMOTOPY
• \texttt{Gauss-lintel}, an algorithm suite for exploring chord diagrams
• Additional gradings on generalizations of Khovanov homology and invariants of embedded surfaces
• Doodles on surfaces
• Some remarks on the chord index
• SIGNATURE, NULLITY AND DETERMINANT OF CHECKERBOARD COLORABLE VIRTUAL LINKS
• Concordances to prime hyperbolic virtual knots
• Operator formalism for topology-conserving crossing dynamics in planar knot diagrams
• Alexander invariants for virtual knots
• ON A CLASS OF VIRTUAL KNOTS WITH UNIT JONES POLYNOMIAL
• A VIRTUAL LINK POLYNOMIAL AND THE VIRTUAL CROSSING NUMBER
• POLYNOMIAL KNOT AND LINK INVARIANTS FROM THE VIRTUAL BIQUANDLE
• The three loop isotopy and framed isotopy invariants of virtual knots
• Distributive biracks and solutions of the Yang–Baxter equation
• Alexander invariants of periodic virtual knots
• Statistical topology and knotting of fluctuating filaments
• Virtual knots undetected by 1- and 2-strand bracket polynomials

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