Bifurcation of Limit Cycles: Geometric Theory

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A planar system \(\dot x = f(x,\lambda)\), \(\lambda \in \mathbb{R}\) is considered, with \(f\) analytic or even, for bifurcations at a limit cycle of multiplicity \(m\) it suffices to assume \(f \in {\mathcal C}^ m\). Two types of multiple limit cycles ar studied: singular and nonsingular. We say that \(\Gamma_ 0\), a multiple limit cycle of \(\dot x = f(x,0)\), is singular if \(d_ s(0,0) = 0\) and \(d_ \lambda(0,0) = 0\). It is called nonsingular if \(d_ s(0,0) = 0\) and \(d_ \lambda(0,0) \neq 0\). Here \(d(s,\lambda,\tau)\) is the displacement function defined as \(h(s,\lambda,\tau) - s\), where \(h\) the map of first return. It is shown that the only possible bifurcation at a nonsingular, multiple limit cycle is a saddle-node bifurcation and that locally the resulting stable and unstable limit cycles expand and contract monotonically as the parameter varies in a certain sense.











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