Borel exceptional values of meromorphic functions

Meromorphic functions of one complex variable (general theory) (30D30) Value distribution of meromorphic functions of one complex variable, Nevanlinna theory (30D35)

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The authors discuss Borel exceptional values of transcendental meromorphic functions and their relations to Picard and Nevanlinna exceptional values. They improve several results due to \textit{H.~S.~Gopalakrishna} and \textit{S.~S.~Bhoosnurmath} [Ann. Pol. Math. 32, 83--93 (1976; Zbl 0282.30028), Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl. 23, 721--726 (1978; Zbl 0391.30019)] and \textit{S.~K.~Singh} and \textit{H.~S.~Gopalakrishna} [Math. Ann. 191, 121--142 (1971; Zbl 0207.07401)]. To be more precise, let \(f\) be a nonconstant meromorphic function in the complex plane and \(a \in \mathbb{C} \cup \{\infty\}\). We use the usual notations of Nevanlinna theory such as \(T(r,f)\) (characteristic function), \(N(r,a,f)\), \(\overline{N}(r,a,f)\) (counting functions), \(\delta(a,f)\) (Nevanlinna deficiency) and \(\Theta(a,f)\) (ramification index). If \(\delta(a,f)>0\), then \(a\) is called a deficient value or Nevanlinna exceptional value of \(f\). For a positive integer \(k\) or \(k=\infty\) denote by \(\overline{N}_k(r,a,f)\) the counting function of distinct \(a\)-points of \(f\) of multiplicity at most \(k\) and by by \(N_k(r,a,f)\) the counting function of \(a\)-points of \(f\), where an \(a\)-point of multiplicity \(\nu\) is counted \(\nu\)-times if \(\nu \leq k\) and \((k+1)\)-times if \(\nu>k\). Note that \(\overline{N}_\infty(r,a,f)=\overline{N}(r,a,f)\). Let \(\rho\), \(0 \leq \rho \leq \infty\) be the order of growth of \(f\), and let \(\rho(a,f)\), \(\overline{\rho}(a,f)\) and \(\overline{\rho}_k(a,f)\) be the orders of the functions \(N(r,a,f)\), \(\overline{N}(r,a,f)\) and \(\overline{N}_k(r,a,f)\), respectively. If \(f\) is of order \(\rho\), and if \(\rho(a,f)<\rho\), then \(a\) is called a \textit{Borel exceptional value} of \(f\) (for short we write \(a \in B(f)\)). Furthermore, \(a\) is called a Borel exceptional value of \(f\) for distinct zeros (\(a \in \overline{B}(f)\)), if \(\overline{\rho}(a,f)<\rho\), and a Borel exceptional value of \(f\) for distinct zeros of multiplicity at most \(k\) (\(a \in \overline{B}_k(f)\)), if \(\overline{\rho}_k(a,f)<\rho\). If \(f\) is transcendental, then every Picard exceptional value is a Borel exceptional value. A classical theorem of E.~Borel states that a meromorphic function of finite order has at most two Borel exceptional values. Generalizations and refinements of this result are due to G.~Valiron, the above mentioned authors and others. Finally, set \[ \delta_k(a,f) = 1-\limsup_{r\to\infty}{\frac{N_k(r,a,f)}{T(r,f)}}\,. \] Obviously, \(\delta(a,f) \leq \delta_k(a,f) \leq \delta_{k-1}(a,f) \leq \dotsb \leq \delta_1(a,f) \leq \Theta(a,f) \leq 1\). Now, the main results read as follows. Theorem 1. Let \(f\) be a meromorphic function of order \(\rho\). If there exist distinct elements \(a_1,\dotsc,a_p\), \(b_1,\dotsc,b_q\), \(c_1,\dotsc,c_s\) in \(\overline{B}_k\), \(\overline{B}_l\), \(\overline{B}_m\), respectively (where \(p\), \(q\), \(s\), \(k\), \(l\) and \(m\) are positive integers), then \[ \frac{pk}{1+k} + \frac{ql}{1+l} + \frac{sm}{1+m} + \frac{1}{1+k} \sum_{j=1}^p \delta_k(a_j,f) + \frac{1}{1+l} \sum_{j=1}^q \delta_l(b_j,f) + \frac{1}{1+m} \sum_{j=1}^s \delta_m(c_j,f) \leq 2\,. \] Theorem 2. Let \(f\) be a meromorphic function of order \(\rho\). If there exist \(a \in \mathbb{C} \cup \{\infty\}\) and positive integers \(k\) and \(q\) such that \[ (1+k)\Theta(a,f) + \sum_{b \neq a} \delta(b,f) > 2-k(q-1)\,, \] then \(\overline{B}_k(f) \setminus \{a\}\) contains at most \(q\) elements. Theorem 3. Let \(f\) be a meromorphic function of order \(\rho\). If \(0\), \(\infty \in \overline{B}(f)\), then for any homogeneous differential polynomial \(P\) generated by \(f\) the set \(\overline{B}_1(P) \setminus \{0\}\) is empty. If \(P\) is generated by \(f'\), then the assertion holds if \(a\), \(\infty \in \overline{B}(f)\) for some \(a \in \mathbb{C}\).

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