Calculating Higher Derivatives of Inverses
If \(y=f(x)\) has a Taylor expansion in powers of \(x\), convergent in some neighborhood of~0, with \(f(0)=0\) and \(f^{\prime}(0)\neq0\), then there is a unique inverse function \(g\) such that \(x=g(y)\) is expressible in a power series in \(y\) that converges in some neighborhood of~0. Lagrange in 1770 gave an explicit formula for the coefficients for \(g\): \[ x=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{y^n\over n!}\left[{d^{n-1}\over dx^{n-1}}\left({x\over f(x)}\right)^n\right]_{x=0}. \] The coefficient of \(y^n/n!\) here is of course \(g^{(n)}(0)\). Faà di Bruno's formula for the \(n\)-th derivative of a composite function can be used to express \(g^n(0)\) here, although it involves a sum extended over all partitions of \(n\) and is usually not the simplest way to determine these derivatives. Both Riorden and Comtet have given a general explicit formula for \(g^{(n)}(0)\) in terms of Bell polynomials. \textit{J. B. Reynolds} [``Reversion of series with applications, Am. Math. Mon. 51, 578--580 (1944)] gave explicit formulas for these derivatives up to order~5, without noting any general pattern. The present paper restates Reynolds' formulas and shows how to continue the sequence by recursion. The method is thus accessible to beginning calculus students who know the chain rule and the product formula for derivatives; no knowledge of Bell polynomials or of partitions is required. The cases \(n=6,7,8,9\) are then worked out.
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