Classifying Stein's groups
Given \(\Gamma\) an additive subgroup of real numbers and \(\Lambda\) a multiplicative subgroup of positive real numbers, the author introduces Stein's group \(V(\Gamma, \Lambda, l)\) as a group of piecewise linear bijections of an interval \([0, l)\) with finitely many breakpoints in \(\Gamma\) and slopes in \(\Lambda\), being a generalization of Higman-Thompson groups \(V_{n, r}\), with \(\Lambda = \langle n \rangle\), \(\Gamma = \mathbb{Z} [1/n]\) and \(l = r\). The author goes on to give in the introduction of the paper under review an outline of the results and strategies to reduce the isomorphism classification of Stein groups to isomorphism classification of certain topological groupoids.\N\NIn Section 2, Subsection 2.1, the author recollects the definitions of groupoids, \(\mathcal{G}\), ample topological étale groupoids and other associated definitions. In Subsection 2.2, Definition (2.1), he recollects the definition of full group \([[\mathcal{G}]]\) of a special groupoid \(\mathcal{G}\). He recalls in Theorem (2.2) that under some conditions on the groupoids \(\mathcal{G}_1\), \(\mathcal{G}_2\), the following are equivalent:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[(1)] \(\mathcal{G}_1\) and \(\mathcal{G}_2\) are isomorphic as étale groupoids.\N\item[(2)] \([[\mathcal{G}_1]]\) and \([[\mathcal{G}_2]]\) are isomorphic as discrete groups.\N\item[(3)] The derived subgroups \(D[[\mathcal{G}_1]]\) and \(D[[\mathcal{G}_2]]\) are isomorphic as discrete groups.\N\end{itemize}\NIn Subsection 2.3, the author introduces chain complexes, homology, cohomology of an ample topological groupoid \(\mathcal{G}\) with coefficient in an abelian topological group \(A\), cup and cap product and establishes the usual functional relation of cap product as Proposition (2.5) of the paper under review:\N\NLet \(\pi : \mathcal{G} \to \mathcal{H}\) be a homomorphism between ample groupoids. Suppose that \(\pi\) is a local homeomorphism, \(m, n \in \mathbb{N}\) and \(m \le n\). Then, for any \([f] \in H_n (\mathcal{G}; \mathbb{Z})\) and \([\xi] \in H^m (\mathcal{H}; A)\), one has\N\[\NH_n (\pi) ([f]) \cap [\xi] = H_{n-m} (\pi) ([f] \cap H^m (\pi) ([\xi])).\N\]\NLet \(\mathcal{G}\) be an ample groupoid and let \(\Gamma\) be a countable discrete group. When \(\varphi : \Gamma \curvearrowright \mathcal{G}\) is an action of \(\Gamma\) on \(\mathcal{G}\), the author defines the semidirect product \(\mathcal{G} \rtimes_{\varphi} \Gamma\).\N\NWhen \(\xi : \mathcal{G} \to \Gamma\) is a homomorphism, the author defines the skew product \(\mathcal{G} \times_{\xi} \Gamma\).\N\NIn Subsection 2.4, the author studies the cohomology exact sequences involving twisted products and semidirect products in Proposition (2.6) and Corollary (2.7) of the paper under review. He goes on to define \(H^1\)-rigidity of an action in Definition (2.8) of the paper under review. He goes on to prove a result on when the rigidity of certain specified action implies rigidity of the action extended to a semidirect product as Proposition (2.10) of the paper under review. In the other results of this subsection, the author defines and derives some results on essential range of a homomorphism \(\xi : \mathcal{G} \to A\).\N\NIn Section 3, the author goes on to describe Stein groups, gives some examples, then for a countable dense subset \(\Delta \subset \mathbb{R}\) and a subalgebra \(A \subset B(\mathbb{R})\) generated by \(\{1_{[t,s]} \mid t, s \in \Delta, t < s\}\), he considers the Gelfand spectrum \(\mathbb{R}_{\Delta}\) of \(A\), that is \(A \cong C_0 (\mathbb{R}_{\Delta})\). \(\mathbb{R}_{\Delta}\) can be identified with \((\mathbb{R} \setminus \Delta) \sqcup \{t_+, t_- \mid t \in \Delta\}\) and gives the following definition.\N\NDefinition (3.3) (Stein groupoids). Let \(\Lambda \subset (0, \infty)\) be a countable multiplicative subgroup of the positive real numbers and let \(\Gamma \subset \mathbb{R}\) be a countable \(\mathbb{Z} \Lambda\)-module, which is dense in \(\mathbb{R}\). The action \(\Gamma \rtimes \Lambda \curvearrowright \mathbb{R}_{\Gamma}\) yields the transformation groupoid \(\mathbb{R}_{\Gamma} \rtimes (\Gamma \rtimes \Lambda)\). We call this the Stein groupoid and denote it by \(\mathcal{S}(\Gamma, \Lambda)\). This is by definition an ample groupoid.\N\NThe author recalls \textit{O. Tanner} [``Studying Stein's groups as topological full groups, Preprint, \url{arXiv:2312.07375}] construction which realizes Stein's groups are topological full groups of some ample groupoids. In particular, he proves the following lemma.\N\NLemma (3.4) [loc.cit., Lemma 4.4]. Stein's group \(V(\Gamma, \Lambda, l)\) is canonically isomorphic to the topological full group of the ample groupoid \(\mathcal{S}(\Gamma, \Lambda) \mid [0_+, l_-]\).\N\NThis result and Theorem (2.2) reduce the classification of Stein's groups to the classification of certain ample groupoids.\N\NLemma (3.5). The following are equivalent.\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[(1)] \(V(\Gamma_1, \Lambda_1, l_1)\) is isomorphic to \(V(\Gamma_2, \Lambda_2, l_2)\) as discrete groups.\N\item[(2)] The derived subgroup \(D(V(\Gamma_1, \Lambda_1, l_1))\) is isomorphic to \(D(V(\Gamma_2, \Lambda_2, l_2))\) as discrete groups.\N\item[(3)] \(\mathcal{S}(\Gamma_1, \Lambda_1) \vert [0_+, {l_1}_-]\) is isomorphic to \(\mathcal{S}(\Gamma_2, \Lambda_2) \vert [0_+, {l_2}_-]\) as ample groupoids.\N\end{itemize}\N\NLemma (3.7). For \(i = 1, 2\), let \(\mathcal{S}_i := \mathcal{S} (\Gamma_i, \Lambda_i)\) be a Stein groupoid. If \(\mathcal{S}_1\) is isomorphic to \(\mathcal{S}_2\) and \(\Lambda_1\) is finitely generated, then \(\Lambda_1 \cong \Lambda_2\).\N\NLet \(\Gamma \subset \mathbb{R}\) be a countable dense (additive) subgroup, \(\Delta \subset \mathbb{R}\) be a countable dense subset containing \(0\) that is invariant under the translation by \(\Gamma\). Let \(\mathcal{H} := \mathcal{H} (\Gamma, \Delta) := \mathbb{R}_{\Delta} \rtimes \Gamma\) be the associated transformation groupoid. In Section 4, the author computes \(H^1 (\mathcal{H})\) when the rank of \(\Gamma\) is greater than or equal to \(2\).\N\NThe author writes \(\Gamma\) as an increasing union of finitely generated subgroups \(\Gamma_n\), that is, \(\Gamma_n \subset \Gamma_{n+1}\) and \(\bigcup_n \Gamma_n = \Gamma\) and each \(\Gamma_n\) is a free abelian group of finite rank. Let \(\mathcal{H}_n := \mathbb{R}_{\Delta} \rtimes \Gamma_n\) be the transformation groupoid, so that \(\mathcal{H} = \bigcup_n \mathcal{H}_n\).\N\NIn Lemma (4.2) and (4.3) of the paper under review, the author proves that when the rank of \(\Gamma\) is greater than or equal to \(3\), the action \(\Gamma \curvearrowright\mathbb{R}_{\Delta}\) is \(H^1\)-rigid and the map \(\mathcal{H} \to \Gamma\) induces an isomorphism \(H^1 (\mathcal{H}) \to H^1 (\Gamma)\). In Lemma (4.4), the same result is proved when the rank of \(\Gamma\) is \(2\).\N\NIn Section 5, the author develops sufficient machinery to take up the proof of the main theorems,\N\NTheorem (5.8). For \(i = 1, 2\), let \(\Lambda_i \subset (0, \infty)\) be a finitely generated multiplicative subgroup and let \(\Gamma_i \subset \mathbb{R}\) be a countable \(\mathbb{Z} \Lambda_i\)-module, which is dense in \(\mathbb{R}\). Suppose rank \(\Gamma_i \ge 2\) for \(i = 1, 2\). Let \(\mathcal{S}_i := \mathcal{S} (\Gamma_i, \Lambda_i)\), \(i = 1, 2\), be the Stein groupoids. Then, the following are equivalent:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[(1)] \(\mathcal{S}_1\) and \(\mathcal{S}_2\) are isomorphic.\N\item[(2)] \(\Lambda_1 = \Lambda_2\) and there exists \(s > 0\) such that \(\Gamma_1 = s \Gamma_2\).\N\item[(3)] \((\Gamma_1 \rtimes \Lambda_1) \curvearrowright \mathbb{R}_{\Gamma_1}\) and \((\Gamma_2 \rtimes \Lambda_2) \curvearrowright \mathbb{R}_{\Gamma_2}\) are conjugate.\N\and{itemize}\N\NTheorem (5.10). Let \(\mathcal{S}_i := \mathcal{S} (\Gamma_i, \Lambda_i)\), \(i = 1, 2\) be the Stein groupoids as in Theorem (5.8). Let \(l_i \in \Gamma_i \cap (0, \infty)\). Then the following conditions are equivalent:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[(1)] \(V(\Gamma_1, \Lambda_1, l_1)\) is isomorphic to \(V(\Gamma_2, \Lambda_2, l_2)\) as discrete groups.\N\item[(2)] The derived subgroup \(D(V(\Gamma_1, \Lambda_1, l_1))\) is isomorphic to \(D(V(\Gamma_2, \Lambda_2, l_2))\) as discrete groups.\N\item[(3)] \(\mathcal{S} (\Gamma_1, \Lambda_1) \vert [0_+, {l_1}_-]\) is isomorphic to \(\mathcal{S} (\Gamma_2, \Lambda_2) \vert [0_+, {l_2}_-]\) as ample groupoids.\N\item[(4)] \(\Lambda_1 = \Lambda_2\) and there exists \(s > 0\) such that \(\Gamma_1 = s \Gamma_2\) and \(l_1 - s l_2\) is zero in \(H_0 (\Lambda_1, \Gamma_1)\).\N\end{itemize}\N\NIn Section 6, the author examines the case when the rank of \(\Gamma\) is one. Unlike Theorems (5.8) and (5.10), the author here gives an example and discusses in detail that the certain action \(\mathbb{Z}[1/n] \rtimes \langle n \rangle \curvearrowright \mathbb{R}_n\) is not \(H^1\)-rigid (see Lemma (6.1) and Proposition (6.2)).\N\NThe author also poses Problems (6.4) and (6.7).\N\NIn Section 7, the author recalls the notion of attracting elements in\N\NDefinition (7.1) [\textit{H. Matui}, Adv. Math. 303, 502--548 (2016; Zbl 1352.19003), Definition 5.11]. Let \(\mathcal{G}\) be an ample groupoid and let \(g \in \mathcal{G}'\), that is, \(r (g) = s (g)\). We say that \(g\) is an attracting element if for any compact open neighborhood \(V\) of \(g\), there exists a compact open bisection \(U \subset \mathcal{G}\) such that \(g \in U \subset V\) and \(r (U)\) is a proper subset of \(s (U)\). For such \(U\), we call the closed set\N\[\NY := \bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty}\, r (U^n)\N\]\Na limit set of \(g\). Notice that \(r (g)\) is contained in every limit set of \(g\).\N\NThe author strengthens Lemma (3.7) as follows:\N\NLemma (7.3). For \(i = 1, 2\), let \(\mathcal{S}_i := \mathcal{S} (\Gamma_i, \Lambda_i)\) be a Stein groupoid. Suppose that there exists a continuous homomorphism \(\Phi : \mathcal{S}_1 \to \mathcal{S}_2\) which is injective and open. Then, there exists a homomorphism \(\varphi : \Lambda_1 \to \Lambda_2\) preserving the order, that is, \(\varphi (\lambda) < \varphi (\lambda')\) if and only if \(\lambda < \lambda'\).\N\NThe author ends with Example (7.4) and Problem (7.5): Suppose that \(\Lambda_i\) are subgroups of \(\mathbb{Q} \cap (0, \infty)\) and \(\Gamma_i\) are subgroups of \(\mathbb{Q}\). Determine when the Stein groupoids \(\mathcal{S} (\Gamma_1, \Lambda_1)\) and \(\mathcal{S} (\Gamma_2, \Lambda_2)\) are isomorphic to each other.
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