Commutators on the potential-theoretic energy spaces

If f is an integrable function on the real line \({\mathbb{R}}\) with respect to the measure \(dx/(1+x^ 2)\) and H stands for the Hilbert transform, then [f,H] is an operator defined by \[ [f,H]g(x)=H(fg)(x)-f(x)Hg(x)\quad (=\frac{1}{\pi}p.v.\int^{\infty}_{-\infty}\frac{f(y)-f(x)}{y- x}g(y)dy). \] The authors establish a characterization for the boundedness of [f,H] as an operator from the energy space \(E_{\alpha}\) with respect to the \(\alpha\)-Riesz kernel \(| x|^{\alpha -1}\), \(0<\alpha <1\), to itself; \(E_{\alpha}\) is the completion of \(C^{\infty}_ 0\)-functions on \({\mathbb{R}}\) with respect to the norm \(\| f\|_{\alpha}=(\int^{\infty}_{-\infty}| \xi |^{\alpha}| \hat f(\xi)|^ 2 d\xi)^{1/2},\) where \(\hat f\) is the Fourier transform of f: Theorem. [f,H]: \(E_{\alpha}\to E_{\alpha}\) is bounded if and only if \(f\in BMO_{\alpha}\). Here \(BMO_{\alpha}\) is the Banach space of functions \(f\in L^ 1(dx/(1+x^ 2))\), modulo constants, with the norm \(\| f\|_{BMO_{\alpha}}=\| \nabla f(x,y)|^ 2 y^{1- \alpha}\|^{1/2}_{Car,\alpha},\) where \(\nabla f(x,y)\) is the gradient of the Poisson extension of f to the upper half plane \({\mathbb{C}}_+\) and the number \(\| d\mu \|_{Car,\alpha}\), for a nonnegative (\(\alpha\)-Carleson) measure \(\mu\) on \({\mathbb{C}}_+\), is the minimum of constants B such that \(\iint_{\hat O}d\mu (x,y)\leq B Cap_{\alpha}(O)\) whenever \(O\subset {\mathbb{R}}\) is an open set. Here \(\hat O=\cup \{I\times (0,| I|):\) I component of \(\hat O\}\) and \(Cap_{\alpha}(\cdot)\) is the \(\alpha\)-Riesz capacity. The theorem leads to a result corresponding the fact that the dual of \(H^ 1\) is BMO; cf. \textit{C. Fefferman} and \textit{E. M. Stein} [Acta Math. 129, 137-193 (1972; Zbl 0257.46078)].

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