Comparing the ill-posedness for linear operators in Hilbert spaces
The primary objective of this paper is to compare the degree of ill-posedness between two ill-posed operator equations \(Ax = y\) and \(A^{\prime}x^{\prime} = y^{\prime}\), where the operators \(A\) and \(A^{\prime}\) are injective, bounded, and linear, acting between infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert spaces. The comparison of the ill-posedness of linear operator equations has been addressed in numerous studies, particularly in distinguishing equations involving compact versus non-compact operators. For compact operators, the comparison is typically based on the degree or interval of ill-posedness. However, such measures have limitations: very different operators can exhibit the same degree of ill-posedness, and in some cases, the degree of ill-posedness may even be zero despite the equation being ill-posed. In this paper, the authors introduce a direct comparison framework based on partial ordering. This partial ordering takes into account the possibility that the operators \(A\) and \(A'\) may act between different domain and target spaces. For compact operators, the proposed definition coincides with the classical comparison of the decay rates of singular values. Special attention is given to the case where the compact operator \(A^{\prime}\) is the composition of another compact operator \(A\) with a non-compact operator with a non-closed range. It is shown that the proposed approach captures comparisons of operators through the comparison of certain ranges associated with them. The authors also discuss the implications of range inclusions in the context of regularization theory. The comparison of non-compact operators is addressed via reduction to their self-adjoint, non-negative companions using polar decomposition. Another significant contribution is the use of the spectral theorem to identify when and how such non-compact operators may be compared. Numerous examples and illustrative remarks are provided, offering valuable insight into the developed framework. In summary, this well-written paper introduces a novel and useful concept, supported by theoretical and practical evidence, and will be a valuable contribution to the research on inverse and ill-posed problems.
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