Complete controllability of finite-level quantum systems

bilinear control system complete controllability control of quantum systems control system on Lie groups harmonic oscillators sufficient conditions unitary group

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Applications of quantum theory to specific physical systems (81V99) Controllability (93B05) Application models in control theory (93C95)

Abstract: Complete controllability is a fundamental issue in the field of control of quantum systems, not least because of its implications for dynamical realizability of the kinematical bounds on the optimization of observables. In this paper we investigate the question of complete controllability for finite-level quantum systems subject to a single control field, for which the interaction is of dipole form. Sufficient criteria for complete controllability of a wide range of finite-level quantum systems are established and the question of limits of complete controllability is addressed. Finally, the results are applied to give a classification of complete controllability for four-level systems.

Review text

The authors consider the single input bilinear control system on \(U(N)\): NEWLINE\[NEWLINEi\hbar\dot U= (H_0+ vH_1)U,NEWLINE\]NEWLINE where \(v\) is the input, \(H_0= \sum^{n= N}_{n=1} E_n e_{nn}\) and \(H_1= \sum^{n= N}_{n=1} d_n(e_{n,n+1}+ e_{n+1,n})\); \(e_{ij}\) is the standard basis of \(M_N(\mathbb{R})\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThey first invoke previous results which say that complete controllability for the above system means that \({\mathcal L}= \langle iH_0, iH_1\rangle_{LA}= {\mathfrak u}(n)\). One uses the basis of \({\mathfrak s}{\mathfrak u}(N): x_{nn'}= e_{nn'}- e_{n'n}\), \(y_{nn'}= i(e_{nn'}+ e_{n'n})\) and \(h_n= i(e_{nn}+ e_{n+1,n+1})\) and some of its Lie bracket properties (involving in particular \(iH_1\)) allow to establish lemmas which guarantee that if \(x_{p,p+1}\), \(y_{p,p+1}\) are in \({\mathcal L}\) for some \(p\) then this will also be the case of all elements of the basis. (The gap between \({\mathfrak s}{\mathfrak u}(N)\) and \({\mathfrak u}(N)\) is filled when \(\text{tr}(H_0)\neq 0\).) The main result which states that the above sufficient conditions are fulfilled if some properties of the spectrum of \(H_0\) hold, is proved. As before the proof is computational and involves here iterated Lie brackets using \(iH_0\) and the dependence on \(iH_1\) is linear. One potential bad case is when \(E_i= {E_{i-1}+ E_{i+1}\over 2}\) but it is handled by computing successively Lie brackets of a quantity of the type \([iH_0,[iH_0, iH_1]]\) (which involves the \(e_{nn}\) and is modified in the succession) with alternatively quantities of the type \(iH_1\) (which involves the \(y_{n,n+1}\) with successive modifications) or \([iH_0,iH_1]\) (which involves the \(x_{n,n+1}\) with successive modifications); here one supposes that the \(d_i\) are well behaved. A bad case is when moreover \(2d^2_n- d^2_{n-1}- d^2_{n+1}\) is constant and this leads to situations with a lack of controllability but this does not cover all of them. An example shows that controllability holds for all N-level harmonic oscillators of a certain type but fails in the infinite-dimensional case. A last section treats the case \(N=4\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe lesson is that generically one has complete controllability.

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