Complex approximation on touching domains
Given \(\alpha > 0\), consider the ``analytic continuation \(f_{\alpha}\) of \(| x| ^{\alpha}\) defined by \(f_{\alpha} (z) = z^{\alpha}\) for \(\Re z^{\alpha} > 0\), \(f_{\alpha} (z) = (-z)^{\alpha}\) for \(\Re z < 0 \), and \(f_{\alpha} (0)= 0\). Let \(\varphi\) be a continuous function on the interval \([0, A]\) such that \(\varphi (0) = \varphi (A) = 0\) and \(\varphi (x) > 0\) for \(0<x<A\). Put \(G^+ := \{x+iy \in \mathbb C ; 0 < x < A, \quad | y| < \varphi (x) \}\), \(G^- := \{-z; z \in G^+\}\). The union \(G^+ \cup G^-\) is a set of two ``touching domains symmetric with respect to \(\mathbb R\) and \(i\mathbb R\). Let \(K \) be the closure of \(G^+ \cup G^- \) , and let \(E_n (f_{\alpha},K)\) denote the least error of approximation of \(f\) by polynomials of degree \(\leq n\) on \(K\). Main results: \(1^o\). If \(0 < \alpha \leq 1\), \(\frac {\varphi (x)}{x}\) is continuous and increasing in \((0,a)\), and \(\int_0^a \frac {\varphi (x)}{x^2} dx < \infty\) for \(a > 0\), then \(E_n (f_{\alpha} ,K) = O(\frac 1{n^{\alpha}})\) for \(n \rightarrow \infty\). \(2^o\). If \(\alpha > 0\) and \(\varphi (x) = cx^2 \) near \(0\) for some \(c > 0\), then \(E_n (f_{\alpha} ,K) = O(\frac 1{n^{\alpha}})\) for \(n \to \infty\). \(3^o\). If \(\alpha > 0\) and \(\varphi (x) = \tan (\frac {\beta}2 x)\) near \(0\) with \(0<\beta < \pi\), then \(E_n (f_{\alpha} , K) = O(\frac 1{n^{\delta}})\) \((n \to \infty)\) with \(\delta = \alpha (1 - \frac {\beta}{\pi})\). \(4^o\). If \(\alpha >1\) and \((\partial G^+)\cap \{z \in \mathbb C; | z| \leq r\}\) is a circular arc touching the imaginary axis for some \(r > 0\), then \(E_n (f_{\alpha} ,K) = O(\frac 1{(\log n)^{\alpha -1}})\) \((n \to \infty)\). If \(\alpha = 1 \), theorem \(1^o\) contains \textit{V. V. Andrievskij}'s result [Polynomial approximation to piecewise analytic function on touching domain. To appear in \textit{Complex Variables}, Theory Appl.]. Theorem \(2^o\) answers a question raised by Grothmann and Saff ten years ago.
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