Comprehensive classification of the algebra generated by two idempotent matrices

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2024.11.005MaRDI QIDQ6650596zbMATH OpenFDO

Publication date 9 December 2024

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LAA.2024.11.005

finite-dimensional algebra group inversion idempotent matrix two projections

Theory of matrix inversion and generalized inverses (15A09) Canonical forms, reductions, classification (15A21) Algebraic systems of matrices (15A30)

Review text

Let \(P\) and \(Q\) be two idempotent \(n\times n\) complex matrices and consider the unital algebra \(\mathcal{A}:=\) \textrm{alg}\((I,P,Q)\) which they generate. The authors give a complete description of all such algebras. The proof begins by observing that \((P-Q)^{2}\) always lies in the center of the algebra, and therefore the eigenspaces of \((P-Q)^{2}\) define a direct decomposition of \(\mathcal{A}\). This reduces the classification problem to the case for which \((P-Q)^{2}=\lambda I\) for some \(\lambda \in \mathbb{C}\) and each of the cases where \(\lambda =0,\) \(\lambda =1\) and \(\lambda \neq 0\) or \(1 \) is investigated separately. The proof uses direct calculations and a theorem from [\textit{A. Böttcher} and \textit{I. M. Spitkovsky}, Linear Algebra Appl. 432, No. 6, 1412--1459 (2010; Zbl 1189.47073)], showing that under these hypotheses each matrix in \(\mathcal{A}\) has at most two distinct eigenvalues. The final section of the paper gives a criterion for an element \(A\) of \(\mathcal{A}\) to have a group inverse \(A^{g}\) and a precise formula for \(A^{g}\) in terms of \(A\).

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