Computing factors of cyclotomic polynomials over finite fields

The class of cyclotomic polynomials, introduced by Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a fascinating topic in modern abstract algebra. In this paper, the authors explore the factorisation of cyclotomic polynomials under specific conditions over \(\mathbb{F}_{q}\) where \(q\) is a prime power. \N\NFor an integer \(n > 1\) and \(p\) is a prime number, we denote \(v_{p}(n)\) and \(rad(n)\) as follows: \N\N\(v_{p}(n) := max\{k \in Z : p^{k}|n\}\) and \(rad(n) :=\prod _{p|n} p\).\N\NIf \(\alpha\) is a primitive \(n\)-th root of unity in some extension field of \(\mathbb{F}_{q}\), then the \(n\)-th cyclotomic polynomial \(\Phi _{n}(x)\) is given by: \N\[\N\Phi _{n}(x) = \prod_{\substack{1\leq k\leq n \\\N\gcd(k,n)=1} } (x-\alpha ^{k}) \N\] \NThe degree of \(\Phi _{n}(x)\) is \(\phi (n)\). We take \(2\nmid q\) and \(l= q +1\), let \(\zeta\) denote a primitive-the root of unity in \( \mathbb{F}_{q^{2}} \diagdown \mathbb{F}_{q}\). For any divisor \(d\) of \( \zeta_{d} = \zeta_{l}^{\frac{l}{d}} \) is a primitive \(d\)-th root of unity in \(\mathbb{F}^{*} _{q^{2}}\). For each \(\theta \leq j \leq d -1\), we define two elements in \(\mathbb{F}^{*} _{q^{2}}\) \(\delta _{j}(d) = \zeta _{j} ^{d} +\zeta ^{qj} _{ d}\) and \(\theta _{j}(d) = \zeta _{j} ^{d} -\zeta ^{qj} _{ d}\).\N\NLet \(R(m)\) denote the set of units in \(\mathbb{Z}^{*}_{m}\) and \(R^{*}(m) := \{ j \in R(m): 1\leq j \leq [\frac{m-1}{2}]\}.\)\N\NThe main result is as follows: \N\NTheorem. Let \(n\) be any integer such that \(v_{2}(n) \geq 2\) and \(rad(n)|(q+1)\) and let \(n = 2^{v_{2}(n)}n_{1}\) and \(m =2^{v_{2}(m)}m_{1}\) with \(m_{1} = gcd(n_{1},q+1)\) is odd. Let \(s_{1}= v_{2}(q-1),s_{2}=v_{2}(q^{2}-1)\) and \(s=max\{s_{1},s_{2}-s_{1}\}\). For a fixed \(0 \leq k \leq s_{2}\), let \(\beta_{2^{k}}\) be a primitive \(2^{k}\)-th root of unity in \(\mathbb{F}^{*} _{q^{2}}\) with \(\beta _{1} = 1\). For any \(k \geq r \geq 1\), \(\beta ^{2^{r}}_{2^{k} }= \beta _{2^{k-r}}\).Then the following holds:\N\N1. If \( 2\leq v_{2}(n)\leq s\), the irreducible factorisation of \(\Phi _{n}(x)\) into the product of \(2^{v_{2}(n)-2}\phi(m_{1})\) factors over \(\mathbb{F}_{q}\) is given by:\N\[\N\Phi _{n}(x)= \prod^{2^{v_{2}(n)-1}}_{ i=1} \prod_{ j\in R^{*}(m_{1})} \varphi _{j}^{(v_{2}(n),i)} (x^{\frac{n_{1}}{m_{1}}}),\N\]\Nwhere \(\varphi^{(v_{2}(n),i)}_{j} (x)=x^{2}-\delta _{j}(v_{2}(n),i)x+\beta ^{(q+1)(2i-1)} _{2^{v_{2}(n)}}\) for any \(1\leq i\leq 2^{v_{2}(n)-1}\) and \(j\in R^{*}(m_{1})\). \N\N2. \(2 \leq s < v_{2}(n)\), the irreducible factorisation of \(\Phi _{n}(x)\) into the product of \( 2^{s-1}\phi(m_{1})\) factors over \(\mathbb{F}_{q}\) is given by: \N\begin{align*}\N\Phi _{n}(x)= \prod ^{2^{s-1}} _{i=1} \prod _{j\in R^{*}(m1)} \varphi^{(s+1,i)} _{j} (x^{2^{v_{2}(n)-s-1}(\frac{n_{1}}{m_{1}})}) \\\N\varphi^{(s+1,i)} _{j} (-x^{2^{v_{2}(n)-s-1}(\frac{n_{1}}{m_{1}})}),\N\end{align*}\Nwhere \(\varphi ^{(s+1,i)} _{j} (x)=x^{2}-\delta _{j}(s+1,i)x+\beta ^{(q+1)(2i-1)} _{2^{s+1}}\) for any \(1\leq i\leq 2^{s-1}\) and \(j\in R^{*}(m_{1})\). \N\NThe article discusses two examples to illustrate the main result clearly. Many of the results in this article can be extended to a broad class of rings known as Halidon rings, as \(\mathbb{F}_{q}\) qualifies as a Halidon ring with a maximum index of \(q-1\).

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