Connectedness modulo an ideal

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Abstract: For a topological space X and an ideal mathscrH of subsets of X we introduce the notion of connectedness modulo mathscrH. This notion of connectedness naturally generalizes the notion of connectedness in its usual sense. In the case when X is completely regular, we introduce a subspace gammamathscrHX of the Stone--v{C}ech compactification of X, such that connectedness modulo mathscrH is equivalent to connectedness of . In particular, we prove that when mathscrH is the ideal generated by the collection of all open subspaces of X with pseudocompact closure, then X is connected modulo mathscrH if and only if is connected, and when X is normal and mathscrH is the ideal generated by the collection of all closed realcompact subspaces of X, then X is connected modulo mathscrH if and only if is connected. Here upsilonX is the Hewitt realcompactification of X.


A topological space \(X\) is connected modulo an ideal \(\mathcal H\) of its subsets if there is no continuous \(f:X\to [0,1]\) such that \(f^{-1}(0)\notin\mathcal H\), \(f^{-1}(1)\notin\mathcal H\), and \(X\setminus f^{-1}(\{0,1\})\in\mathcal H\). Some properties of this generalization of connectedness are compared with those of the standard notion of connectedness. It is shown that a Tychonoff space \(X\) is connected modulo \(\mathcal H\) if and only if \(\beta X\setminus\bigcup\{\text{int}_{\beta X}\text{cl}_{\beta X}H:\;\text{cl}_X H\in\mathcal H\}\) is connected. The particular cases of ideals generated by families of some closed sets (e.g. by all compact sets), or ideals generated by open sets with pseudocompact closure for Tychonoff spaces \(X\), or ideals generated by sets with realcompact closures for normal spaces \(X\) are investigated. Characterizations in terms of the difference of \(\beta X\) and the Hewitt compactification \(vX\), or of the remainder \(vX\setminus X\), are given for the particular cases based on pseudocompactness, or realcompactness, respectively.











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