Constructing resonance calabashes of Hill's equations using step potentials

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The authors use rotation numbers to study the second and the third periodic eigenvalues of the eigenvalue problem \[ \ddot x+ \{\chi+ p^2(t)\} x= 0, \] with \(p(t)= p(t+ 2\pi)\) and its mean value \({1\over 2\pi} \int^{2\pi}_0 p(t) dt= 1\). They analyze the second and third periodic eigenvalues of the above equation with certain step functions [\(x(0)\mp x(2\pi)= 0,\dot x(0)\mp\dot x(2\pi)= 0\), \(-\) for periodic and \(+\) for anti-periodic boundary condition]. This analysis leads to a counter example to the Alikakos-Puso conjecture on the second periodic eigenvalues. Further with this simple model, the authors construct infinitely many resonance pockets of the one-parameter Hill equation. Finally, as an application the instability problem of Hill's equation is discussed.











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