Continued fraction normality is not preserved along arithmetic progressions

Continued fractions and generalizations (11J70) Normal numbers, radix expansions, Pisot numbers, Salem numbers, good lattice points, etc. (11K16) Metric theory of continued fractions (11K50) Ergodic theorems, spectral theory, Markov operators (37A30)

Abstract: It is well known that if

0. a_{1} a_{2} a_{3} d o t s

is the base-

b

expansion of a number normal to base-

b

, then the numbers

0. a_{k} a_{m + k} a_{2 m + k} d o t s

for

m g e 2

,

k g e 1

are all normal to base-

b

as well. In contrast, given a continued fraction expansion

l a n g l e a_{1}, a_{2}, a_{3}, d o t s a n g l e

that is normal (now with respect to the continued fraction expansion), we show that for any integers

m g e 2

,

k g e 1

, the continued fraction

l a n g l e a_{k}, a_{m + k}, a_{2 m + k}, a_{3 m + k}, d o t s a n g l e

will never be normal.

Review text

Based on authors' abstract: Let \(\big<a_1,a_2,a_3,\dots\big>, \; a_i \in \mathbb{N},\) be the expansion of a number \(x \in [0,1)\) as a continued fraction and \(0{.}c_1c_2c_3\dots\) expansion of the same number in base \(b\). It is well known that if \(0{.}c_1c_2c_3\dots\) is normal expansion in base \(b\), then the numbers \(0{.}c_kc_{m+k}c_{2m+k}\dots\) for \(m\geq 2, k\geq 1\) are normal in base-\(b\) as well. In this paper, the authors prove that, in contrast, if a given continued fraction expansion \(\big<a_1,a_2,a_3,\dots\big>\) is normal, then for any integer \(m \geq 2, k\geq 1,\) the continued fraction \(\big<a_k,a_{m+k},a_{2m+k},\dots\big>,\) will never be normal. The bibliography contains 12 sources.

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