Continuous two-valued discrete-time dynamical systems and actions of two-valued groups
Dynamics in general topological spaces (37B02) Dynamical systems involving transformations and group actions with special properties (minimality, distality, proximality, expansivity, etc.) (37B05) Dynamics induced by group actions other than (mathbb{Z}) and (mathbb{R}), and (mathbb{C}) (37C85) Dynamics of complex polynomials, rational maps, entire and meromorphic functions; Fatou and Julia sets (37F10)
Starting from the well-known fact that a classical discrete dynamical system \((X,f)\), where \(X\) is a topological space and \(f\) is a continuous map from \(X\) into itself, is induced by the action of the semigroup \(\mathbb{N}_0\), namely, \(\Phi(n,x)=f^n(x)\), so \(\Phi(n,\Phi(m,x))=\Phi(n+m,x)\), where \(f^j\) denotes the \(j\)-th iterate of \(f\), and even by the action of the group \(\mathbb{Z}\) when \(f\) is invertible, the author considers the problem of determining, by imposing suitable conditions, whether this fact is also present in the context of \(m\)-valued dynamics.\N\NRecall that a (continuous) \(m\)-valued dynamics \(T\) on a set \(X\) is a (continuous) map \(T:X\rightarrow \mathrm{Sym}^m(X)\), where \(m\geq 1\) is an integer and \(\mathrm{Sym}^{m}(X)\) is the so-called \(m\)-th symmetric power of \(X\), that is, the quotient set of \(X^m\) where two elements \(x,y\) are related if there exists a permutation \(\sigma\) such that \(y_j=x_{\sigma(j)}\) for all \(1\leq j\leq m\). By assuming that the reader is familiar with the meaning of the notions of: strongly invertible dynamics \(T\); \(m\)-valued group; and action on a \(m\)-valued group (consult, for instance, [\textit{V. M. Buchstaber}, Mosc. Math. J. 6, No. 1, 57--84 (2006; Zbl 1129.20045)] or the work by the same author located at a repository of the University of Manchester, namely, \url{https://eprints.maths.manchester.ac.uk/123/1/Multivalued_groups_Leeds--2005.pdf}), we pass to enunciate the main results of the paper, which are established in the particular frame of \(X=\mathbb{C}\) and \(m=2\).\N\NLet \(p_0, p_{1}\) be given polynomials in \(\mathbb{C}[z]\); consider the polynomial \(P(z,w)=w^2 + 2p_{1}(z)w+p_0(z)\), which for a fixed \(z\) can be viewed as the univariate polynomial \(P_z(w)\) of \(w\). Define the mapping \(T:\mathbb{C}\rightarrow \mathrm{Sym}^2(\mathbb{C})\) by \(T(z)=-p_1(z)\pm \sqrt{p_1^2(z)-p_0(z)}\), that is, the set of roots of \(P_z(w)\). It is said that \(T\) is nondegenerate if it cannot be represented as a composition of some mapping \(\mathbb{C}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}^2\) and the projection \(\mathbb{C}^2\rightarrow \mathrm{Sym}^2(\mathbb{C})\), and, for at least one point \(z\in\mathbb{C}\), the multiset \(T(T(z))\) consist of four distinct elements.\N\NWith these preliminaries, the first main result (Theorem 20) establishes that if \(T\) is a nondegenerate dynamics, where \(0\) is the root of odd degree of the radicand, and it is assumed that \(p_0\) has a root of odd multiplicity, then the dynamics is not induced by an action of a \(2\)-valued group. In particular, it can be observed that a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for \(T\) to be induced by an action of a \(2\)-valued group is that the polynomial \(p_0\) be a perfect square. As a corollary, if the polynomial \(p_1\) is linear and \(p_0\) has degree \(2\) with distinct roots, then the corresponding \(2\)-valued dynamics \(T\) is strongly invertible but is not induced by an action of a \(2\)-valued group.\N\NThe second main result of the paper (Theorem 24) presents an example of a non-invertible \(2\)-valued dynamics defined by the action of a \(2\)-valued group. Specifically, the author shows that the \(2\)-valued dynamics \(\widetilde{T}(z)=(1\pm\sqrt{z})^2\), \(z\in\mathbb{C}\), is not strongly invertible, but it is induced by an action of a \(2\)-valued group; to be more precise, the \(2\)-valued group is the set of non-negative integers with the product defined by \(n*m=[n+m, \left|n-m\right|]\) (the \(2\)-valued Buchstaber-Novikov group), and the dynamics \(\widetilde{T}\) is induced by the action \(\nu(n,z)=T_n(z)\), where \(T_n(z)=(n\pm\sqrt{z})^2\), because \(\nu(n*m,z)=\nu(n,\nu(m,z))\).
- n-valued groups: theory and applications.
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- Integrability of $ m$-valued dynamics by means of singly generated $ m$-valued groups
- Representations ofm-valued groups on triangulations of manifolds
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