Countable compactness modulo an ideal of natural numbers

Ideal and statistical convergence (40A35) Convergence in general topology (sequences, filters, limits, convergence spaces, nets, etc.) (54A20) Compactness (54D30)

Review text

The notion of statistical convergence, which is an extension of the idea of usual convergence was formerly given under the name ``almost convergence by Zygmund in the first edition of his celebrated monograph published in Warsaw in 1935 [\textit{A. Zygmund}, Trigonometric series. Volumes I and II combined. With a foreword by Robert Fefferman. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2002; Zbl 1084.42003)]. The concept was formally introduced by \textit{H. Fast} [Colloq. Math. 2, 241--244 (1951; Zbl 0044.33605)] and later was reintroduced by \textit{I. J. Schoenberg} [Am. Math. Mon. 66, 361--375, 562--563 (1959; Zbl 0089.04002)], and also independently by \textit{R. C. Buck} [Am. J. Math. 75, 335--346 (1953; Zbl 0050.05901)]. Although statistical convergence was introduced almost ninety years ago, it has become an active area of research in the last fourty years with the contributions by several authors, \textit{T. Šalát} [Math. Slovaca 30, 139--150 (1980; Zbl 0437.40003)], \textit{J. A. Fridy} [Analysis 5, 301--313 (1985; Zbl 0588.40001)], \textit{G. Di Maio} and \textit{L. D. R. Kočinac} [Topology Appl. 156, No. 1, 28--45 (2008; Zbl 1155.54004)], \textit{H. Çakalli} and \textit{M. K. Khan} [Appl. Math. Lett. 24, No. 3, 348--352 (2011; Zbl 1216.40009)]. For a subset \(M\) of the set of positive integers the asymptotic density of \(M,\) denoted by \(\delta(M)\), is given by \[ \delta(M)=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{n}|\{k\leq n: k\in M\}|, \] if this limit exists, where \(|\{k \leq n: k\in {M}\}|\) denotes the cardinality of the set \(\{k \leq n : k \in{M}\}\). A sequence \((x_{k})\) of points in a topological space \(X\) is statistically convergent to a point \(\ell\) in \(X\) if \[ \delta(\{k \in{ \mathbb{N} }:x_{k}\notin{U}\})=0 \] for every neighborhood \(U\) of \(\ell\), where \(\mathbb{N}\) denotes the set of positive integers. The concept of ideal convergence or \(I\)-convergence of real sequences, which is a generalization of statistical convergence, was introduced by \textit{F. Nuray} and \textit{W. H. Ruckle} [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 245, No. 2, 513--527 (2000; Zbl 0955.40001)], who called it generalized statistical convergence, and also independently by \textit{P. Kostyrko} et al. [Real Anal. Exch. 26, No. 2, 669--685 (2001; Zbl 1021.40001)]. An ideal \(I\) is a family of subsets of the positive integers, \(\mathbb{N}\), which is closed under taking finite unions and subsets of its elements. A sequence \(\mathbf{x}=(x_{n})\) of points in a topological space \(X\) is said to be \(I\)-convergent to an element \(\ell\) of \(X\) if \( \{n\in \mathbb{N}:x_n\notin{U} \} \in \textit{I}\) for every neighborhood \(U\) of \(\ell\). In the paper under review, the authors study the notion of \(I\)-compactness as a covering property through ideals of \(\mathbb{N}\) and regardless of the \(I\)-convergent sequences of points. They give results related to \(s\)-compactness, compactness and sequential compactness, regular and separable spaces. The finite intersection property is studied, and a connection between \(I\)-compactness and sequential \(I\)-compactness is given.

Recommendations

Cites work

Cited in

(9)

This page was built for publication: Countable compactness modulo an ideal of natural numbers

Report a bug (only for logged in users!)Click here to report a bug for this page (MaRDI item Q6573623)