Cox Regression with Incomplete Covariate Measurements using the EM‐algorithm
The Cox regression model [\textit{D.R. Cox}, J. R. Stat. Soc., Ser. B 34, 187-220 (1972; Zbl 0243.62041)] is a very powerful tool in the analysis of censored failure data. The common practical way of handling missing covariate data in the Cox regression analysis is complete case analysis; that is, subjects with any missing covariate values are omitted from the analysis. Two other simple approaches are to use only those covariates that have complete measurements on every subject or to impute missing values. Both methods can lead to seriously biased estimates. The EM-algorithm, proposed by \textit{J.G. Ibrahim} [J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 85, 765-769 (1990)] is used to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the regression parameters in generalized linear models with partially missing covariates. The technique was termed EM by the method of weights. In this paper the author proposes a new method which may be considered as a fully maximum likelihood approach. The Ibrahim technique is generalized to Cox regression analysis with missing values in the covariates. A fully model letting the unobserved covariate values be random and then maximizing the observed likelihood is specified. The asymptotic covariance matrix is estimated by the inverse information matrix. The missing data are allowed to be missing at random but also the non-ignorable non-response situation may in principle be considered. A Monte Carlo simulation is studied. The method is applied to data from a clinical trial studying the effect of predisposing vs placebo on survival with liver cirrhosis. Six covariates with three of them having missing values are considered.
- Cox Regression with Incomplete Covariate Measurements
- An EM algorithm for regression analysis with incomplete covariate information
- Estimating Equations with Incomplete Categorical Covariates in the Cox Model
- Estimation in the Cox Model with Missing Covariate Data
- Using the EM-algorithm for survival data with incomplete categorical covariates
- Using the EM-algorithm for survival data with incomplete categorical covariates
- Maximum likelihood estimation for linear regression models with right censored outcomes and missing predictors.
- Two-phase outcome-dependent studies for failure times and testing for effects of expensive covariates
- Cox regression with missing covariate data using a modified partial likelihood method
- Marker-dependent observation and carry-forward of internal covariates in Cox regression
- Using informative priors for handling missing data problem in Cox regression
- An EM algorithm for regression analysis with incomplete covariate information
- Non-Ignorable Missing Covariate Data in Survival Analysis: A Case-Study of an International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial
- Incomplete Covariates in the Cox Model with Applications to Biological Marker Data
- Stratified Logrank Test of No Randomized Treatment Effect with Missing Stratum Information
- Identifiability assumptions for missing covariate data in failure time regression models
- Cox Regression with Incomplete Covariate Measurements
- Proportional Hazards Regression with Missing Covariates
- Statistical inference under imputation for proportional hazard model with missing covariates
- Estimating Equations with Incomplete Categorical Covariates in the Cox Model
- Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Cox's Regression Model Under Case-Cohort Sampling
- Efficient estimation of semiparametric transformation models for two-phase cohort studies
- An index of local sensitivity to non-ignorability for parametric survival models with potential non-random missing covariate: an application to the SEER cancer registry data
- EM algorithms for beta kernel distributions
- Balancing treatment assignment over all observed covariates in clinical trials
- Joint Modeling of Progression of HIV Resistance Mutations Measured with Uncertainty and Failure Time Data
- Maximum likelihood estimation in a partially observed stratified regression model with censored data
- Estimating successive cancer risks in Lynch Syndrome families using a progressive three-state model
- Large sample results for frequentist multiple imputation for Cox regression with missing covariate data
- Maximum likelihood inference for the Cox regression model with applications to missing covariates
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