Cubic Base Change for GL(2)
The authors establish the existence of a cubic base change for \(\text{GL}(2)\), over a number field \(F\), by proving an appropriate relative trace formula. They also describe the image of this base change. The proof here applies to Galois cubic extensions and to non-Galois cubic extensions of \(F\) as well. Recall that the first case was established by Langlands by using a twisted trace formula, and the second case, by Jacquet, Piatetski-Shapiro and Shalika, using the converse theorem. However, they did not describe the image of the cubic base change. Let \(E\) be a cubic extension of \(F\). Consider the theta series \(\theta^\varphi_\psi\), on \(\widetilde {\text{GSp}}_4 (\mathbb{A}_F)\), and restrict it to \(L(\mathbb{A}_F)\), which is the product of the center \(Z_{\mathbb{A}_F}\) of \(\text{GSp}_4 (\mathbb{A}_F)\) and the image of \(\text{GL}_2 (\mathbb{A}_E)=(\text{Res}_{E/F} \text{GL}_2) (\mathbb{A}_F)\) inside \(\text{GSp}_4 (\mathbb{A}_F)\). Here \(\varphi\) is a Schwartz function on \(\mathbb{A}_F^* \times\mathbb{A}_F \times\mathbb{A}_F \), and \(\psi\) is a fixed nontrivial character of \(F\setminus \mathbb{A}_F\). Let \(\lambda\) be a character of \(F^*\setminus \mathbb{A}^*_F\), and denote by \(\theta^\varphi_{\psi,\lambda}\) the integration of \(\theta^\varphi_\psi\) along \(Z_F \setminus Z_{\mathbb{A}_F}\) with respect to \(\lambda\) (\(Z_{\mathbb{A}_F}\) is identified with \(\mathbb{A}^*_F)\). The main theorem is that an irreducible cuspidal representation \(\pi\) of \(\text{GL}_2(\mathbb{A}_E)\) is a base change from \(\text{GL}_2 (\mathbb{A}_F)\), if and only if its central character is of the form \(\lambda \circ N_{E/F}\), and \[ \int_{\mathbb{A}^*_E \text{GL}_2(E) \setminus\text{GL}_2 (\mathbb{A}_E)} \varphi(g) \theta^\varphi_{\psi, \lambda}(g) dg\neq 0 \] as \(\varphi\) varies in \(\pi\) and \(\varphi\) in \(S(\mathbb{A}^*_F \times\mathbb{A}_E \times \mathbb{A}_E)\). If \(E\) is Galois over \(F\), then the last condition is equivalent to \(\pi\) being fixed by the elements of \(\text{Gal}(E/F)\). The relative trace formula established by the authors equates the following distributions for matching \((f,\varphi)\) and \(f'\), where \(f\in C_c^\infty (\text{GL}_2 (\mathbb{A}_E)\), \(\lambda\circ N_{E/F})\) and \(f'\in C_c^\infty (\text{GL}_2(\mathbb{A}_F), \lambda)\). \[ I(f, \varphi)= \int_{E\setminus \mathbb{A}_E}\int_{\mathbb{A}^*_E \text{GL}_2(E)\setminus \text{GL}_2 (\mathbb{A}_E)}K_f \left(g,\left(\begin{matrix} 1 & x\\ 0 & 1\end{matrix} \right)\right) \theta^\varphi_\psi (g)\psi^{-1}\bigl(tr_{E/F} (x)\bigr) dx dg \] \[ J(f')= \int_{F\setminus \mathbb{A}_F}\int_{F\setminus\mathbb{A}_F}K_{f'}\left(\left( \begin{matrix} 1 & y_1\\ 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right),\left( \begin{matrix} 1 & y_2\\ 0 & 1\end{matrix}\right) \right)\psi (y_2-y_1) dy_1 dy_2 \] where \[ K_f(x,y)= \sum_{\xi\in\text{GL}_2 (E)}f(x^{-1}\xi y),\quad K_{f'}(x,y)=\sum_{\xi \in\text{GL}_2(F)}f'(x^{-1}\xi y). \]
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