Curves that allow the motion of a regular polygon
The author studies (planar) motions of regular \(n\)-gons where the vertices of the \(n\)-gon move on a common curve \(\alpha(t)\). The polygon's edge length may vary in the course of the motion.\N\NThe following results are proved:\N\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[(a)] Let \(k \in \mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}\) and \(n \in \mathbb{N}, n>2\) with \(\gcd(k,n) = 1\). Then, any closed (planar) curve \(\alpha(t)\) which allows a strictly forward motion of an \(n\)-gon such that the \(n\)-gon undergoes exactly \(k\) full turns can be written as \N\[\N\alpha(t) = \gamma(t) + a(t)\cdot[\cos(t), \sin(t)]\N\]\Nwhere \(a(t): [0, 2 k \pi] \longrightarrow ]0, +\infty[\) is an arbitrarily chosen function extendable to a periodic function with minimal period \(\frac{2k\pi}{n}\) and \(\gamma(t)\) is an arbitrarily chosen closed parametric curve with minimal period \(\frac{2k\pi}{n}\). (\(\gamma(t)\) is the path of the \(n\)-gon's center.)\N\item[(b)] In the special case of (a) where one also requires that \(\alpha(t)\) and \(a(t)\) are \(C^1\) and that the vertices of the \(n\)-gon divide the perimeter of the curve \(\alpha(t)\) into \(n\) parts of equal arc length one gets curves \(\alpha(t)\) of rotational symmetry with angle \(\frac{2 \pi}{n}\).\N\item[(c)] For the special case of (a) where additionally constant edge length of the polygon is required one has to choose \(a(t) = a\) with a constant \(a \in \mathbb{R}^+\).\N\item[(d)] (characterization of circles) Let \(k \in \mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}\) and \(n \in \mathbb{N}, n>2\) with \(\gcd(k,n) = 1\). If a \(C^1\)-curve \(\alpha(t)\) admits a strictly forward motion with \(k\) full turns for an \(n\)-gon whose edge length is constant throughout the motion and such that the \(n\)-gon's vertices divide the perimeter of the curve \(\alpha(t)\) into \(n\) parts of equal arc length then the curve is a circle.\N\item[(e)] If \(\alpha(t)\) is a \(C^1\)-curve then under the assumptions of (a) and (c) the following equation linking the areas \(\mathcal{A}(\alpha)\) and \(\mathcal{A}(\gamma)\) of the curves \(\alpha\) and \(\gamma\) holds: \N\[\N\mathcal{A}(\alpha) = \mathcal{A}(\gamma) + a^2 k \pi\N\]\N\end{itemize}\N\NThe paper also includes quite a few examples and figures illustrating the results listed above.
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