Detecting fixed points of nonexpansive maps by illuminating the unit ball

Contraction-type mappings, nonexpansive mappings, (A)-proper mappings, etc. (47H09) Fixed-point theorems (47H10) Nonlinear spectral theory, nonlinear eigenvalue problems (47J10) Iterative procedures involving nonlinear operators (47J25) Applications of operator theory in optimization, convex analysis, mathematical programming, economics (47N10)

Abstract: We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a nonexpansive map on a finite dimensional normed space to have a nonempty, bounded set of fixed points. Among other results we show that if

f : V i g h t a r r o w V

is a nonexpansive map on a finite dimensional normed space

V

, then the fixed point set of

f

is nonempty and bounded if and only if there exist

w_{1}, l d o t s, w_{m}

in

V

such that

f (w_{i}) - w_{i} : i = 1, l d o t s, m

illuminates the unit ball. This yields a numerical procedure for detecting fixed points of nonexpansive maps on finite dimensional spaces. We also discuss applications of this procedure to certain nonlinear eigenvalue problems arising in game theory and mathematical biology.

Review text

Let \((V,\|\cdot\|)\) be a finite-dimensional normed space and \(f:V\to V\) be a nonexpansive mapping. As the main result of the present paper, the authors show that the following statements are equivalent: (1)~The set of fixed points \(\operatorname{Fix}(f)\) is nonempty and bounded. (2)~There exists a bounded open subset \(G\subset V\) such that \(x-f(x)\neq0\) for all \(x\in\partial G\) and \(\operatorname{deg}(\operatorname{id}-f,G,0)=1\). (3)~For every \(y\in V\setminus\{0\}\), there exist \(w\in V\) and \(\lambda>0\) such that \(w-f(w)=\lambda y\). (4)~There exist \(w_1\),\dots,\(w_m\) in \(V\) such that the set \(\{f(w_i)-w_i:i=1,\dots,m\}\) illuminates the unit ball \(B_1(0)\) (in the sense of \textit{V. Boltyanski} et al. [Excursions into combinatorial geometry. Berlin: Springer (1997; Zbl 0877.52001)]). (5)~There exists no horofunction \(h\) of \((V,\|\cdot\|)\) (in the sense of \textit{M. R. Bridson} and \textit{A. Haefliger} [Metric spaces of non-positive curvature. Berlin: Springer (1999; Zbl 0988.53001)]) such that \(h(f(x))\leq h(x)\) for all \(x\in V\). Criteria that can be verified computationally are discussed to check if a set illuminates the unit ball for a variety of norms. Applications of the main result to certain nonlinear eigenvalue problems from game theory and mathematical biology are presented. In particular, a nonlinear version of the Perron-Frobenius theorem is obtained. Finally, it is shown how illuminating sets can be used to place bounds on the location of the fixed point set of nonexpansive maps.

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