Diffuse-interface approximation and weak-strong uniqueness of anisotropic mean curvature flow
A surface tension \(\sigma :\mathbb{R}^{d}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}\) and a mobility \(\mu :\mathbb{R}^{d}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}\) being given, \(d\geq 2\), a time-parametrized collection of sets \(\{\mathcal{A} (t)\}_{t\in \lbrack 0,T]}\) evolves by anisotropic mean curvature flow if the boundary \(\Gamma (t)=\partial \mathcal{A}(t)\) is smooth and the collection satisfies the equation \[V=-\mu (\nu)H_{\sigma}\] on \(\cup_{t\in \lbrack 0,T]}(\Gamma (t)\times \{t\}),\) where \(\nu\) is the outer unit normal of \(\mathcal{A}\), \(V\) the surface normal velocity, and \(H_{\sigma}=\operatorname{div}_{\Gamma (t)}(D\sigma (\nu))\) the anisotropic mean curvature with respect to \(\sigma\). The authors associate to this problem the anisotropic surface energy \(E:L_{\mathrm{loc}}^{2}(\Omega)\rightarrow \lbrack 0,\infty ]\) defined by \(E[u]=c_{0}\int_{\Omega}\sigma (\nu)\nabla \chi\), if \(u=\chi \in BV_{\mathrm{loc}}(\Omega; \{0,1\})\), \(E[u]=\infty\), otherwise, where \(\nu =-\frac{ \nabla \chi}{\left\vert \nabla \chi \right\vert}\) is the measure-theoretic outer unit normal and \(c_{0}\) a positive constant quantifying the surface energy. The authors consider a phase-field approximation of the above curvature flow given by the anisotropic Allen-Cahn equation \[2g(-\nabla u_{\varepsilon})\partial_{t}u_{\varepsilon}=-\operatorname{div}(Df(-\nabla u_{\varepsilon}))-\frac{1}{\varepsilon ^{2}}W(u_{\varepsilon})\] in \(\Omega \times (0,T)\), \(u_{\varepsilon}(\cdot, 0)=u_{\varepsilon, 0}\), in \(\Omega\), where \(\Omega\) is the \(d\)-dimensional torus, \(W:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}\) a double-well potential with its wells at \(0\) and \(1\), and the anisotropic surface tension and mobility are encoded by the functions \(f:\mathbb{R}^{d}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}\), \(f(p)=\sigma ^{2}(p)\) and \(g:\mathbb{R}^{d}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}\), \(g(p)=\frac{ \sigma (p)+1}{\mu (p)+1}\). The associated anisotropic Cahn-Hilliard energy \(E_{\varepsilon}:L_{\mathrm{loc}}^{2}(\Omega)\rightarrow \lbrack 0,\infty ]\) is defined as \[E_{\varepsilon}[u]=\frac{1}{2}\int_{\Omega}(\varepsilon f(-\nabla u)+\frac{1}{\varepsilon}W(u))dx\] if \(u\in H^{1}(\Omega)\) and \(W\circ u\in L^{1}(\Omega)\), \(E_{\varepsilon}[u]=\infty\), otherwise. \N\NThe main result of the paper proves that if \((\sigma, \mu)\) is an admissible pair of anisotropies, the double-well potential satisfies \(W(0)=W(1)=0\), \(W(s)>0\) for all \(s\in \mathbb{R}\setminus \{0,1\}\), \(W\in C^{1}(\mathbb{R})\), \(W\) is twice differentiable at \(0\) and \(1\), with \(W^{\prime \prime}(0),W^{\prime \prime}(1)>0\), there exists \(\lambda >0\) such that \(W\) is \(\lambda\)-convex, and \(W\) is nonincreasing on \((-\infty, 0]\) and nondecreasing on \([1,\infty)\), and \(\Omega\) the \(d\)-dimensional torus, then any sequence of weak solutions \(u_{\varepsilon}\) to the anisotropic Allen-Cahn equation with well-prepared initial conditions has a subsequence converging to some limit \(u=\chi\) with \(\chi :\Omega \times (0,T)\rightarrow \{0,1\}\) as \(\varepsilon \rightarrow 0\). Under an energy convergence hypothesis, \(u\) is a weak solution to the anisotropic mean curvature flow. If \(\sigma\) and \(\mu\) are smooth, and \(\{\mathcal{A} (t)\}_{t\in \lbrack 0,T]}\) is a strong solution to the anisotropic mean curvature flow and \(\chi :\Omega \times (0,T)\rightarrow \{0,1\}\) is a distributional solution to the anisotropic mean curvature flow with the same initial condition, i.e., \(\chi (\cdot, 0)=\chi_{\mathcal{A}(0)}\), then \(\chi =\chi_{\mathcal{A}}\) for all \(t\in \lbrack 0,T]\). \N\NA pair \((\sigma, \mu)\) of anisotropies is admissible if \(\sigma\) satisfies positive 1-homogeneity, positive definiteness, smoothness, and uniform convexity properties and \(\mu\) satisfies positive 1-homogeneity, positive definiteness, and smoothness properties. The authors give an example and prove properties of such admissible anisotropies. The initial conditions are well-prepared if \(u_{\varepsilon, 0}\rightarrow u_{0}\) in \(L^{2}(\Omega)\) and \(E_{\varepsilon}[u_{\varepsilon, 0}]\rightarrow E[u_{0}]<\infty\). They compute the first variation and direction of steepest descent of the anisotropic surface energy \(E\), in the case of a domain \(A\subset \mathbb{R} ^{d}\) which is supposed to be a bounded open set with \(C^{2}\)-boundary. If the initial data \(\chi_{0}\) of the anisotropic mean curvature flow belongs to \(BV(\Omega; \{0,1\})\), a distributional solution to \(V=-\mu (\nu)H_{\sigma}\) with initial condition \(\chi_{0}\) is a function \[\chi \in BV(\Omega \times (0,T);\{0,1\})\cap C^{0,1/2}([0,T];L^{1}(\Omega))\cap L^{\infty}(0,T;BV(\Omega))\] such that there exists a \(\left\vert \nabla \chi \right\vert\)-measurable function \(V:\Omega \times (0,T)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) such that \(\int_{0}^{T}V^{2}\left\vert \nabla \chi \right\vert <\infty\), the relation \(V=-\mu (\nu)H_{\sigma}\) is satisfied in a distributional sense, and the function \(\chi\) satisfies an optimal energy dissipation inequality. \N\NThe authors also define the notion of (weak) solution to the anisotropic Allen-Cahn equation as a function in \(H^{1}(\Omega \times (0,T))\cap L^{\infty}(\Omega \times (0,T))\) that satisfies a variational formulation of this Allen-Cahn equation and an energy preservation property, and they prove the existence of such weak solutions, properties of the energy \(E_{\varepsilon}\), and regularity properties of weak solutions. \N\NFor the proof of the main result, the authors prove a compactness result for the solutions to the anisotropic Allen-Cahn equation and an equipartition property of the energy. They define the notion of relative entropy and they finally prove the convergence of the different terms. The paper ends with a weak-strong uniqueness result for the anisotropic mean curvature flow, the authors defining the notion of strong solution to the anisotropic mean curvature flow and the associated gradient flow calibration and establishing their properties.
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