Diffusive representation for pseudo-differentially damped nonlinear systems
The authors begin their presentation by commenting on difficulties found in controlling visco-elastic, elasto-plastic, and similar systems which encounter discontinuities in their constitutive equations. Discontinuous trajectories, rise of fast-slow systems of equations give also rise to difficulties of formulating a mathematical model. In physics many systems are described by pseudodifferential operators. Fractional-order derivatives provide examples of such operators. Most of such operators are assumed to be hereditary, that is the entire past from \(t=-\infty\) to the present is involved in formulating the behavior of such system. The authors start with a simple example of a system whose state (displacement) \(X\) obeys the differential equation: \[ d^2X/dt^2+ \text{grad }V(X)+ H(X)= 0,\tag{1} \] where \(X\) is a vector in physically appropriate Hilbert space. \(H(X)\) is the causal hereditary term, whereby all past states influence the present. The first two terms represent the classical mechanical system with energy: \[ E_m(t)= V(X(t)+\textstyle{{1\over 2}}\|X'(t)\|^2. \] Thus \(dE_m(t)/dt= \langle -H(X)|X'(t)\rangle\). Of course if \(H\equiv 0\), then the system is conservative. If the last term in (1) is positive then the system is dissipative. This term represents an inner product in ``natural, or ``thermodynamically consistent Hilbert space, such that the product of a vector \(X\) (think of it as a generalized displacement) acting on its physical dual (corresponding generalized force) represents energy. A simple interpretation would consider angle of rotation and corresponding torque, vectors of voltages and amperages in an electrical networks, temperature and entropy, etc.\dots Requirements include causality (present depends only on the past and not on the future). Forces are derived from nonnegative potentials. Now, the authors start the exposition of pseudo-differential operators, and introduce pseudodifferential damping. For an introduction to pseudodifferential operators the reviewer recommends the 1981 monograph of \textit{M. E. Taylor} [Pseudodifferential operators, Princeton University Press (1981; Zbl 0453.47026)], or the monograph of \textit{M. A. Shubin} [Nauka, Moscow (1978; Zbl 0451.47064); English transl. Springer Verlag (1987; Zbl 0616.47040)]. In their definition of pseudodifferential operators the authors use the Laplace transform, rather than Fourier transform, which is prefered by some experts, and consequently their definition of the symbol of an operator \(H(\sigma,\partial_\sigma)\) is also slightly different. However, this does not hinder them from carefully defining pseudo-differential damping phenomena, and attacking the negative (from mathematician's point of view) hereditary phenomena. They mention the endochronic phenomena which they say were introduced by Bliman and Sorine in a 1996 paper. In fact this theory was already alive and well developed in the 1970s and also in early 1980s by Kirk Valanis in a long series of papers on viscoelastic, elasto-plastic and polymer materials, in which he used some forms of energy, such as the Gibbs functional to play the role of the internal time clock. The authors introduce the concept of a diffusive algebra, and define the symbol \(H(\sigma,p)\) to be diffusive with \[ H(\sigma,p)= \int^\infty_0 [\mu(\sigma,\xi)/(p+ \xi)] d\xi, \] if such \(\mu(\sigma,\xi)\) exists. Here, \(p\) is the Laplace transform variable \((p= i\omega)\), and \(\sigma> 0\). Fractional order derivatives are briefly discussed. For details of applications to engineering and physics, the reviewer recommends series of papers by \textit{R. I. Bagley} and collaborators on aero-structural problems such as [AIAA J. 27, No. 10 (1989)] or \textit{R. R. Nigmatulin} [Sov. J. Theor. Math. Phys. 90, No. 3 (1992)] or \textit{Yu. I. Plotnikov's} Ph.D. Thesis, [Moscow University 1979] concerning rigid stamps on viscoelastic foundations. The main theorem has rather lengthy conclusions, one of them, perhaps the principal one, presents the necessary condition for positivity of the operator \(H\). The final sections include time-local space realizations of \(H\), a short comment on asymptotic behavior following from LaSalle's principle, and a numerical simulation. References primarily refer to the works of the authors, and their collaborators M. Sorine, and Devy Vareta, and also the classic books of H. Brezis and L. Schwartz. That list could be easily improved. It would be nice if someone would attempt to write an extensive article, or monograph, relating the present state of pseudodifferential operators to the early work of Petrovskii in the 1940s, perhaps including a modern interpretation of Herglotz-Petrovskij formulas, mystifying those of us who lived in that era, and connecting much of it to the Gel'fand-Shilov, Gel'fand-Vilenkin fundamental works on generalized functions, perhaps to Mikusiński's algebra, and Sato's calculus. Perhaps, it would also clarify the only partially explored connections with special functions such as the Mittag-Leffler functions, which lead in turn to the Lie group classifications, and to differential geometry, and then would relate all this to various important scientific applications. Taylor's book, and the one by Shubin satisfy only partially some of these aims. This article is useful and well organized. For the entire collection see [Zbl 0953.00023].
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