Dyck words, pattern avoidance, and automatic sequences

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In this paper the authors study properties of factors of infinite binary words that are Dyck words. In this respect, \(0\) is treated as a left parenthesis and \(1\) as a right parenthesis, and a binary word is \textit{Dyck} if it represents a string of balanced parentheses. Some of the work is carried out using the \texttt{Walnut} theorem prover.\N\NAfter a brief introduction the authors study in Section 2 words avoiding some pattern and having the Dyck property. Furthermore, they introduce and study some properties of \textit{ternary Dyck words}. In Section 3 they characterize those factors of the Thue-Morse sequence that are Dyck. Section 4 is concerned with Dyck factors of particular automatic sequences. Examples of their results are given in terms of the Thue-Morse sequence. In Section 5 they give tight upper and lower bounds for the number of Dyck factors of the Thue-Morse sequence. In Section 6 they look at Dyck factors of other famous infinite sequence such as the Fibonacci, the period-doubling, and the Rudin-Shapiro sequences. They end the section with a conjecture on the paperfolding sequence.











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