Entropy for three-dimensional vector fields
dominated splittingentropyergodic hyperbolic measureshorseshoesintermediate entropy of horseshoesPoincaré flowRuelle's inequalityvariational principlevector fields
Entropy and other invariants, isomorphism, classification in ergodic theory (37A35) Topological entropy (37B40) Dynamics induced by flows and semiflows (37C10) Periodic orbits of vector fields and flows (37C27) Smooth ergodic theory, invariant measures for smooth dynamical systems (37C40) Dynamical systems involving homeomorphisms and diffeomorphisms of planes and surfaces (37E30)
The main result of the paper establishes that if \(X\) is a \(C^1\) three-dimensional vector field with positive topological entropy, \(h_{\mathrm{top}}(X)>0\), then for any \(\varepsilon>0\) and any neighbourhood \(\mathcal{U}\) of \(X\) in the \(C^1\)-topology it is possible to find a vector field \(Y\in\mathcal{U}\) such that \(Y\) exhibits a horseshoe \(\Lambda\) and \(\left|h_{\mathrm{top}}(Y|_{\Lambda})-h_{\mathrm{top}}(X)\right|<\varepsilon\). This approximation property has a precedent in [\textit{W. Wu} and \textit{J. Liu}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 148, No. 1, 223--233 (2020; Zbl 1432.37069)], where the analogous result was established for \(C^1\)-surface diffeomorphisms.\N\NTo prove the main result, one key is to give suitable sequences of vector fields \(\{X_n\}\) and periodic orbits \(\{\mathcal{O}_n\}\) associate to \(X_n\), for which the authors discuss if there exists or not a uniformly dominated splitting over \(\mathcal{O}_n\); in the affirmative case, they use ideas coming from [\textit{A. Katok}, Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 51, 137--173 (1980; Zbl 0445.58015); \textit{M. Li} et al., Isr. J. Math. 240, No. 2, 791--819 (2020; Zbl 1483.37029)], but adapted to the vector field setting; in the case of a no uniformly dominated splitting, they use [\textit{J. Buzzi} et al., Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 370, No. 9, 6685--6734 (2018; Zbl 1402.37026)] to provide the existence of vector fields \(Y\) exhibiting horseshoes with a large topological entropy, and then finally use the property of intermediate entropy of horseshoes.
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