Enumeration of triangles in quartic residue graphs

DOI10.1515/INTEG.2011.083MaRDI QIDQ2882729zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Mark Budden, Nicole Calkins, William Nathan Hack, Joshua Lambert, Kimberly Thompson

Publication date 7 May 2012

Published in Integers (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL http://www.emis.de/journals/INTEGERS/papers/l48/l48.pdf

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zbMATH Keywords

consecutive residuesJacobi sumsPaley graphsreciprocity laws

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Paths and cycles (05C38) Power residues, reciprocity (11A15) Cubic and quartic extensions (11R16) Exponential sums (11T23)

Review text

Let \(p \equiv 1\bmod 8\) be a prime number. Define a graph \(G_4(p)\) using the elements of the finite field \(\mathbb F_p\) with \(p\) elements as vertices, and connect the vertices \(a\) and \(b\) with an edge if \(a-b\) or \(b-a\) is a fourth power in \(\mathbb F_p\). Extending the work of \textit{B. Maheswari} and \textit{M. Lavaku} [``Enumeration of triangles and Hamilton cycles in quadratic residue Cayley graphs, Chamchuri J. Math. 1, 95--103 (2009)] the authors show that the number of triangles in \(G_4(p)\) is given by \(T(G_4(p)) = \frac{p(p-1)}{24} N_4(p)\), where \(N_4(p)\) denotes the number of consecutive quartic residues modulo \(p\). Using quartic Jacobi sums, this number is evaluated to be NEWLINE\[NEWLINEN_4(p) = \frac 1{16}(p-9-4a-2(-1)^{(p-1)/4}(1+a)).NEWLINE\]

Recommendations

• Enumeration of triangles and Hamilton cycles in quadratic residue Cayley graphs
• Quartic graphs with every edge in a triangle
• On a Paley-type graph on \({\mathbb{Z}}_n\)
• The Quartic Residues Latin Square
• Quadratic residue Cayley graphs on composite modulus

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