Examples of nonpolar limit spaces
Let \((M_i,p_i)\) be a sequence of pointed Riemannian \(n\)-manifolds with Ric\((M_i) \geq -(n-1)\). Gromov's compactness theorem shows that \(M_i\) subconverges to a length space \((Y,p)\) of Hausdorff dimension \(m \leq n\). By definition, a \text{ tangent cone} at \(y \in Y\) is a complete pointed Gromov-Hausdorff limit space of rescaled spaces \((Y, r_i^{-1}d,y)\), where \(r_i \to 0\) and \(d\) is the metric on \(Y\). We say that \(Y\) is polar if the base point of every tangent cone is a pole, i.e., every minimal geodesic segment emanating from the base point is the restriction of some ray. Polar limit spaces play an important role in the study of the structure of Riemannian manifolds with Ricci curvature bounded below [cf. \textit{J. Cheeger} and \textit{T. H. Colding}, J. Differ. Geom. 46, 406-480 (1997; Zbl 0902.53034)]. In the noncollapsing case, namely \(m=n\), it is known that every tangent cone is a metric cone and so every limit space \(Y\) is polar. However in case \(m < n\) (collapsing case) it is not known whether a nonpolar limit space exists or not. In the paper under review, the author gives an example showing that a limit space of manifolds with positive Ricci curvature can be nonpolar. Namely, there exists a sequence of \(5\)-dimensional Riemannian manifolds \(M_i^5\) with positive Ricci curvature converging to a nonpolar limit space \(Y^3\). The author considers a product manifold \(M = C(S^2) \times S^2\) with a warped product metric with positive Ricci curvature. The main idea of construction is to glue an infinite number of peaks along the cone over a small \(2\)-sphere. The author also shows that a similar result for the tangent cone at infinity holds.
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