Existence and nonexistence of stable patterns in semilinear nonlocal diffusion equations
bistable reaction termCasten-Holland-Matano theorydiscontinuous solutionsexistence and nonexistencenonlocal diffusionsemilinear parabolic equationstable patterns
Stability in context of PDEs (35B35) Asymptotic behavior of solutions to PDEs (35B40) Reaction-diffusion equations (35K57) PDEs in connection with biology, chemistry and other natural sciences (35Q92) Integro-partial differential equations (35R09) Integro-partial differential equations (45K05) Stability theory for integral equations (45M10) Population dynamics (general) (92D25) Ecology (92D40)
The authors study semilinear evolution equations with nonlocal diffusion on bounded domains, endowed with implicit Neumann-type boundary conditions, of the form\N\[\Nu_t = d\int_{\Omega} k(|x-y|)(u(y,t) - u(x,t))\,dy + f(u), \qquad x \in \Omega, \ t>0,\N\]\Nwhere \(k\) is a radially symmetric nonnegative kernel satisfying \(\int_{\mathbb{R}^N}k(|z|)\,dz=1\), and \(f\) is a smooth nonlinear reaction term.\N\NBuilding on the classical results of \textit{R. G. Casten} and \textit{C. J. Holland} [J. Differ. Equations 27, 266--273 (1978; Zbl 0338.35055)] and \textit{H. Matano} [Publ. Res. Inst. Math. Sci. 15, 401--454 (1979; Zbl 0445.35063)] for local diffusion models, the paper addresses the existence and stability of {nonconstant stationary solutions} (patterns) in the nonlocal setting. Two main results are established.\N\NFirst, under natural regularity and monotonicity assumptions on \(k\), the authors prove that {no stable smooth nonconstant steady states exist} when the spatial domain \(\Omega\) is either a one-dimensional interval or a multidimensional ball. This extends the nonexistence theorem of Casten-Holland-Matano to nonlocal diffusion.\N\NSecond, for {bistable nonlinearities} \(f(u)=u(1-u^2)\) and axis-symmetric domains, the authors construct {discontinuous stationary patterns}, which may be asymptotically stable under smallness conditions on the effective diffusion strength \(d\int_\Omega k(|x-y|)\,dy\). They show that such discontinuous equilibria disappear when the nonlocal diffusion becomes strong, thus elucidating the {competition between reaction bistability and diffusion range}.\N\NA key insight is that, unlike the local case -- where geometry (convexity vs.\ dumbbell-shaped domains) determines stability -- here the {stability of patterns depends mainly on the magnitude of the nonlocal diffusion parameter}, rather than on the geometry of \(\Omega\). Strong nonlocal diffusion behaves like local diffusion and suppresses heterogeneity, while weak nonlocal diffusion can sustain discontinuous bistable structures.\N\NThe analysis combines spectral stability arguments, functional inequalities for nonlocal operators, and asymptotic comparison with the local (Laplacian) limit as the kernel range shrinks. The paper also connects to recent studies of pattern formation in nonlocal ecological and physical models.
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