Exponential quadratic splines

Using exponential quadratic splines, we develop the consistency relation \[ \begin{multlined} (1)\;(\lambda/2 \sinh \lambda/2)[s_{i-1} + s_{i+1}] + \\ 2\lambda [\coth (\lambda /4)-(1/2 \sinh \lambda/2)]s_ i = \lambda \coth \lambda/4[s_{i-(1/2)}+s_{i+(1/2)}].\end{multlined} \] As \(\lambda\to 0\), the preceeding relation becomes (2) \(s_{i-1} + 6s_ i + s_{i+1} = 4(s_{i-(1/2)} + s_{i+(1/2)})\), see \textit{M. J. Marsden} [Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 80, 903-906 (1974; Zbl 0295.41005)]. The application of exponential quadratic spline interpolation at mid-point so that \(s_{i+(1/2)} = f_{i+(1/2)}\), \(i=O(1)n-1\), \(s_ 0=f_ 0\), \(s_ n=f_ n\), is given in this paper. Numerical results based on exponential quadratic spline are far superior to those obtained by using usual quadratic splines. Similarly by using exponential cubic splines, we develop the consistency relation \[ (3)\;(\lambda^ 2/h^ 2)(s_{i-1}- 2s_ i+s_{i+1})=(1-\lambda \text{cosech} \lambda)(s_{i- 1}+s_{i+1})+2(\lambda \coth \lambda -1)s_ i, \] which reduces to the well-known relation \[ (4)\;s_{i-1}-2s_ i + s_{i+1}=(h^ 2/6)(s_{i-1} + 4s_ i + s_{i+1}) \] as \(\lambda\to 0\). Also, the use of exponential quartic splines gives the consistency relation \[ (5)\;(\mu /h^ 2)(s_{i-1}-2s_ i+s_{i+1})=s_{i-1}+(\mu - 2)s_ i+s_{i+1 } \] where \(\mu \equiv \mu (\lambda) = (\lambda^ 2\sinh^ 2 \lambda /2)/(\sinh^ 2 \lambda/2-\lambda^ 2/4)\). Note that \(\mu(\lambda)\to 0\) and consequently the consistency relation (5) reduces to the well-known Noumerov's formula. The relations (3) and (5) are most suitable for obtaining approximate solutions of the singular perturbation boundary value problem of the form \(\epsilon y = p(x)y+q(x)\), \(0<\epsilon <<1\).

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