Extensions of classical congruences for parameters in binary quadratic forms
Let \(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt {-k})\) \((k\neq 3,4,8)\) be an imaginary quadratic field with discriminant \(-k\) and class number \(h\). Define \[ U=\left \{u\in\mathbb{Z} \mid 0<u<k, \left({-k\over u}\right) =1\right\} \] and \(R={1\over k}\sum_{u\in U}u\). It is known that \(R={\varphi(k) \over 4}-{h\over 2}\in\mathbb{Z}.\) Choose integers \(t\) and \(w\) such that \(k=tw\), \(t\) (prime)\(>2\). Let \(p\) be a prime with \(({-k\over p})=1\). There are integers \(C\) and \(D\), unique up to sign, such that \[ 4p^h=C^2+kD^2,\;p\nmid C. \] The sign of \(C\) is determined uniquely by means of a congruence modulo \(t\) in such a way that \(C\) satisfies Stickelberger's congruence \[ C\equiv\prod_{u\in U}[pu/k]!^{-1} \pmod p, \] where \([x]\) denotes the greatest integer \(\leq x\). The main goal of this paper is to determine \(C \pmod{p^2}\). This is accomplished by means of a non-routine application of the Gross-Koblitz formula for both \(p=2\) and \(p>2\). The excluded cases \(k=3\), 4, 8 are discussed separately.
- Classical congruences for parameters in binary quadratic forms
- Relations congruentielles linéaires entre nombres de classes de corps quadratiques
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4008518
- Les discriminants quadratiques et la congruence de Stickelberger
- A congruence relating to class number of complex quadratic fields
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