Fine Selmer groups and ideal class groups

Abstract: Let

K_{i} n f t y / K

be a uniform

p

-adic Lie extension. We compare several arithmetic invariants of Iwasawa modules of ideal class groups on the one side and fine Selmer groups of abelian varieties on the other side. If

K_{i} n f t y

contains sufficiently many

p

-power torsion points of

A

, then we can compare the ranks and the Iwasawa

m u

-invariants of these modules over the Iwasawa algebra. In several special cases (e.g. multiple

m a t h b b Z_{p}

-extensions), we can also prove relations between suitable generalisations of the Iwasawa

l a m b d a

-invariant of the two types of Iwasawa modules. In the literature, different kinds of Iwasawa

l a m b d a

-invariants have been introduced for ideal class groups and Selmer groups. We define analogues of both concepts for fine Selmer groups and compare the resulting invariants. In order to obtain some of our main results, we prove new asymptotic formulas for the growth of ideal class groups and fine Selmer groups in multiple

m a t h b b Z_{p}

-extensions.

Review text

Let \(K\) be a number field, let \(p\) be a prime and let \(G\) be a uniform \(p\)-adic Lie group. Let \(K_\infty/K\) be a Galois extension with Galois group \(\mathrm{Gal}(K_\infty/K)=G\), and let \(K_n\)'s be the finite layers associated with the filtration \(G^{p^n}\). The paper deals with relations between the Iwasawa invariants for two of the most relevant examples of Iwasawa modules: \(p\)-parts of ideal class groups \(X(K_n)\) and (Pontrjagin duals of) fine \(p\)-Selmer groups \(\mathrm{Sel}(A/K_n)\), for an abelian variety \(A\) defined over \(K\). When \(G=\mathbb{Z}_p\), Iwasawa proved the celebrated formula \[ v_p(|X(K_n)|)=\mu p^n+\lambda n +O(1) \qquad \\text{ for all }\,n\gg 0 , \] for some integers \(\mu\) and \(\lambda\) usually called \textit{Iwasawa invariants}. For more general uniform pro-\(p\)-extensions, analogues of \(\mu\) and \(\lambda\) have been defined using the structure of \(\Lambda:=\mathbb{Z}_pG\)-modules. The authors prove various relations (equalities and bounds) involving such invariants for \(X(K_\infty):=\varprojlim X(K_n)\) and \(\mathrm{Sel}(A/K_\infty)^\vee :=\varprojlim \mathrm{Sel}(A/K_n)^\vee\). As an example we mention that if no prime \(v\) of \(K\) in the set \[ \Sigma = \{v\mid p,\ v\text{ of bad reduction for }A,\ v \text{ ramified in } K_\infty/K \} \] splits completely in \(K_\infty/K\), \(p\) is odd and \(A[p^k]\subset K\), then \[ k\cdot\mathrm{rank}_\Lambda (\mathrm{Sel}_\Sigma(A/K_\infty)^\vee) + \mu(\mathrm{Sel}_\Sigma(A/K_\infty)^\vee) = \mu (X(K_\infty)) . \] The paper presents several results of the same nature on \(\mu\) and \(\lambda\) invariants, adapted to various arithmetic settings and mainly depending on the behaviour in \(K_\infty/K\) of primes of \(\Sigma\), and on the presence of \(p^k\)-torsion of \(A\) in the subextensions \(K_n\). In particular, one relevant setting is the one for \(G=\mathbb{Z}_p^d\), where the bounds on \(\mu\) invariants of fine Selmer groups allow the authors to prove the weak Lepoldt's conjecture for a dense subset of uniform subextensions of \(K_\infty/K\) (density is with respect to Greenberg's topology on the set of \(\mathbb{Z}_p\)-extensions of \(K\)). Proofs are based on computations of cohomology groups for uniform groups and control theorems for ideal class groups and fine Selmer groups, which basically generalize techniques and results from \textit{A. A. Cuoco} and \textit{P. Monsky} [Math. Ann. 255, 235--258 (1981; Zbl 0437.12003)], \textit{G. Perbet} [Algebra Number Theory 5, No. 6, 819--848 (2011; Zbl 1275.11142)] and \textit{M. F. Lim} and \textit{V. K. Murty} [J. Ramanujan Math. Soc. 31, No. 1, 79--94 (2016; Zbl 1425.11124)], and provide many estimates for the growth of orders and ranks of Iwasawa modules. The link between fine Selmer groups and ideal class groups arises from the maps \[ \mathrm{Sel}_{p^k,\Sigma}(A/K_\Sigma) \hookrightarrow H^1(K_\Sigma/K,A[p^k]) \xrightarrow{\sim} \mathrm{Hom}(\mathrm{Gal}(K_\Sigma/K),A[p^k]) , \] where \(K_\Sigma\) is the maximal abelian pro-\(p\)-extension of \(K\) unramified outside \(\Sigma\) and the last isomorphism holds whenever \(A[p^k]\subset K\). The local conditions defining fine Selmer groups for primes in \(\Sigma\) provide the crucial connection, which lies at the heart of most of the main theorems of the paper, between \(\mathrm{Sel}(A/K)\) and the \(p\)-class group \(X(K)\) modulo classes generated by primes in \(\Sigma\) (i.e., by class field theory, the Galois group of the maximal abelian unramified \(p\)-extension of \(K\) in which all primes of \(\Sigma\) are totally split).

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