Fixed point properties and reflexivity in variable Lebesgue spaces

DOI10.1016/J.JFA.2020.108896MaRDI QIDQ2219460zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 20 January 2021

Published in Journal of Functional Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.02817

Banach function lattices fixed point property nonexpansive mappings variable Lebesgue spaces

Geometry and structure of normed linear spaces (46B20) Spaces of measurable functions ((L^p)-spaces, Orlicz spaces, Köthe function spaces, Lorentz spaces, rearrangement invariant spaces, ideal spaces, etc.) (46E30) Contraction-type mappings, nonexpansive mappings, (A)-proper mappings, etc. (47H09) Fixed-point theorems (47H10)

Abstract: In this paper the weak fixed point property (

w

-FPP) and the fixed point property (FPP) in Variable Lebesgue Spaces are studied. Given

(O m e g a, S i g m a, m u)

a

s i g m a

-finite measure and

p (c d o t)

a variable exponent function, the

w

-FPP is completely characterized for the variable Lebesgue space

L^{p (c d o t)} (O m e g a)

in terms of the exponent function

p (c d o t)

and the absence of an isometric copy of

L_{1} [0, 1]

. In particular, every reflexive

L^{p (c d o t)} (O m e g a)

has the FPP and our results bring to light the existence of some nonreflexive variable Lebesgue spaces satisfying the

w

-FPP, in sharp contrast with the classic Lebesgue

L^{p}

-spaces. In connection with the FPP, we prove that Maurey's result for

L^{1}

-spaces can be extended to the larger class of variable

L^{p (c d o t)} (O m e g a)

spaces with order continuous norm, that is, every reflexive subspace of

L^{p (c d o t)} (O m e g a)

has the FPP. Never-theless, Maurey's converse does not longer hold in the variable setting, since some nonreflexive subspaces of

L^{p (c d o t)} (O m e g a)

satisfying the FPP can be found. As a consequence, we discover that several nonreflexive Nakano sequence spaces

e l l^{p_{n}}

do have the FPP endowed with the Luxemburg norm. As far as the authors are concerned, this family of sequence spaces gives rise to the first known nonreflexive classic Banach spaces enjoying the FPP without requiring of any renorming procedure. The failure of asympto-tically isometric copies of

e l l_{1}

in

L^{p (c d o t)} (O m e g a)

is also analyzed.

Review text

A Banach space \(X\) has the \textit{fixed point property} if, for every nonempty, closed, bounded, convex subset \(C\) of \(X\), every nonexpansive mapping of \(C\) into itself has a fixed point. If a similar statement holds when \(C\) is restricted to the class of weakly compact convex subsets of \(X\), \(X\) is said to have the \textit{weak fixed point property}. Determining which Banach spaces have the fixed point property or the weak fixed point property has been intensively studied for over \(50\) years. In the article under review, the authors investigate fixed point properties in variable Lebesgue spaces \(L^{p(\cdot)}(\mu)\), where \((\Omega, \Sigma, \mu)\) is a complete \(\sigma\)-finite measure space and \(p:\Omega\to [1,\infty]\) is a measurable function. The variable Lebesgue space \(L^{p(\cdot)}(\mu)\) is defined as the modular space endowed with the Luxemburg norm associated to the convex modular \[ \rho(g) = \int_{[p<\infty]} |g(t)|^{p(t)} d\mu + {\underset{p^{-1}(\{+\infty\})}{\text{ess}\,\sup}} |g(t)| \] on the vector space of measurable functions \(g:\Omega\to \mathbb{R}\). The authors' first fixed point result is that a variable Lebesgue space \(L^{p(\cdot)}(\mu)\) has the weak fixed point property if and only if it has weak normal structure; or if and only if it contains no isometric copy of \(L^1[0,1]\); or if and only if a condition in terms of the values of the exponent function \(p\) holds. One consequence of this and a theorem earlier in the article characterizing the reflexive variable Lebesgue spaces is that \(L^{1+x}[0,1]\) is a nonreflexive variable Lebesgue space with the weak fixed point property. This is in sharp contrast to the known result that a classical Lebesgue space has the weak fixed point property if and only if it is reflexive. It is known that closed subspaces of \(L^1[0,1]\) have the fixed point property if and only if they are reflexive [\textit{B. Maurey}, Sémin. Anal. Fonct. 1980--1981, Exposé No.~8, 18~p. (1981; Zbl 0476.46023); \textit{P. N. Dowling} and \textit{C. J. Lennard}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 125, No.~2, 443--446 (1997; Zbl 0861.47032)]. In the setting of variable Lebesgue spaces, more care is needed. The authors prove that, if \(\operatorname{ess\,sup} p <\infty\), then reflexive subspaces of \(L^{p(\cdot)}(\mu)\) have the fixed point property, but the converse need not hold. In fact, the authors give conditions on \(p(\cdot)\) which imply that \(L^{p(\cdot)}(\mu)\) contains a closed subspace that has the fixed point property despite being hereditarily \(\ell^1\), and hence nonreflexive. The authors also note that, if the sequence \((p_n)\) in \((1,\infty)\) converges to \(1\), the Musielak-Orlicz space \(\ell^{(p_n)}\) endowed with the Luxemburg norm is a nonreflexive space with the fixed point property. Finally, to conclude this well-written and interesting article, the authors prove that a variable Lebesgue space contains an asymptotically isometric copy of \(\ell^1\), a condition frequently used to imply that a Banach space fails to have the fixed point property, if and only if the space contains an isometric copy of~\(\ell^1\).

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